The same rules have been observed in the two exercises that follow. The Ionic order, placed above the Doric in Fig. 23 is a little smaller than the Doric; the height of the column being but three Ens seventy-five parts of the • lower order. The Corinthian column placed on the Ionic in Fig. 24 has but three Ens seventy parts of the height of the Ionic. This will give in each instance for the column of the upper order a lower diameter that is substan tially the same as the upper diameter of the column over which it is placed. At the same time the height of the second story, as well as the arches and column there used, is reduced proportion ally, unless the column shafts be attenuated beyond the rule here employed 124. Taking the height of three entablatures and seventy-five parts of the first story order, for the total height of the columns in the second-story order in Fig. 22 by re-dividing that height into four parts, it is easy to ascertain the height of the second-story entablature in relation to the column with which it is used.
125. In elevation it will be seen that the piers of the second story (Fig. 22) are not as wide as those of the story below, by an appreciable amount. Although the figures given show a difference of only five parts, it must be remembered that the unit employed in the upper order is smaller than that used in the lower story, and therefore the difference is somewhat more than that which toe actual figures suggest.
126. By referring to the section (Fig. 22) it will be seen that in this example the second-story column shaft at the base, lines with the frieze and column shaft at the neck of the order below, while the second-story pedestal and column base project beyond this line. This arrangement allows the center line of the second story column to be over the center line of the column below.
127. In Fig. 23 another methoa is followed; here the face of the pedestal or die of the second-story order is placed in plane with the frieze and column neck below, when it becomes impossi ble for the center line of the columns to coincide; there being, as shown by the dotted line in the section, a difference of eight parts between these center lines.
128. In Fig. 24 again, we find that the base of the shaft of the second-story order lines with the neck of the shaft below.
129. Where a pedestal is given to a second-story super-im posed order, except under exceptional circumstances, the method shown in Fig. 23 would probably be most certain of making a favorable impression upon the observer, although it might be pos sible that a compromise between the methods shown in Figs. 23 and 24 would better solve the problem. Such a question must be decided by the judgment of the designer. It might be said, how
ever, that where the second-story column is placed upon the entab lature of the first-story order without the interposition of a pedestal, the best effect would invariably be obtained by directly lining—in section—the face of the foot of the second-story column shaft with the face of the neck of the shaft below.
130. The facade shown in Fig. 22 is composed of two rows of super-imposed arches, one of the Tuscan and the other of the Doric Order, each pier carrying on its face an attached column shaft.
The Doric Order is raised on a support forming a pedestal and having a cap and base.
131. Fig. 23 is a facade of two stories, with the Ionic Order placed over the Doric Order. The columns are engaged in the wall which is pierced with arches between the lower columns, and with rectangular windows between the upper columns. The windows are ornamented with frames or architraves with an outer pilaster finish carrying consoles, the whole being surmounted by an entablature with a pediment. The details of these parts should be taken from the examples of similar details shown in Plate XXVIII.
The support or pedestal of the Ionic Order forms a balustrade in the bay of the window.
132. In Fig. 24 is shown a section of a facade of two stories where the Ionic Order is used with the Corinthian above it. The columns are placed between arches, forming an arcaded gallery. The windows shown are found in the wall at the back of the gal lery, and the upper entablature is surmounted by a parapet wall or balustrade.
133. The student who has followed closely this analysis with its application, will have an intelligent knowledge of the Orders, and may put his knowledge to practical use in the exer cises which follow.
In laying out, from the descriptions and plates, the various problems which follow, some differences from the proportions already given may occasionally be found. These differences, in all cases attendant upon some ethical reason or principle of the problem involved, must be understood by the student before he attempts to apply the theoretical knowledge of the orders already acquired. Then, from the general dimensions given to determine the proportions of the problems, he will find it possible to com plete the design by the application of the various details shown in the preceding plates. These exercises require the application of what the student has previously learned, to actual—if academic— problems, while they will also serve to illustrate such details as the proportions of arcades and openings, and the spacing of columns and of piers.