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Encyclopedia Britannica, 8th edition edited by Thomas Stewart Traill, published from 1853–1860.

Elliptic Turning
Elliptic Turning. Wood And Other Sub Stances Are Turned Into An Elliptic Form By Means Of A Chuck, Which Is Applied On The Common Turning Lathe. This Chuck Is On The Principle Of The Tram Mel, Plate Lxxix. Fig. 1. The Grooves In The Chuck Are Much Wider Than In ...

Elliptograph
Elliptograph, An Instrument For Drawing Ellipses. The Trammel Is An Instrument That Has Long Been Known And Used For Describing Ellipses. On The Principle Of The Trammel, Mr Farey Construct Ed His Elliptograph In A Form Much More Commodious For Drawing. Mr Farey's Elliptograph Is Represented At Fig. 5, Plate ...

Embankment
Embankment, A Mound, Or Wall Of Earth, Or Other Materials, Used As A Defence Against The Inun Dations Of Rivers, Or The Extraordinary Flux Of The Sea. The Great Value Of Alluvial Soil To The Agriculturist, No Doubt, Gave Rise To The Invention Of Banks, Or Other Barriers, To Protect ...

Emigration
Emigration. • Th5 Natural Propensity Of Mankind Is To Settle Ment And Rest, And This Principle Is Still Farther Strengthened By The Influence Of Local Associations Over The Mind. Every One Is Strongly Attached To The Place Of His Birth, Or To The Place Where He Has Passed His Earlier ...

England The
England. The History Of This Country, From The Earliest Ac Counts To The Union Of The Crowns, Is Given In The Encyckixedia Under The Article England. It Is Continued From That Period To The Rupture Of The Treaty Of Amiens, Under The Word Britain; And Will Be Brought Down, In ...

Entomology
Entomology (from ;rive An Insect, And Asysc A Discourse) Is The Name Of A Science, Embracing The Study Of All Such Annulose Animals As Have Articulat, Ed Legs; Namely Of Cirripidea, Cruseacea, Myriapoda, Acari, Arachnoida, And Insecta. Under The Head Annulosa (vol. I. P. 401-429- 432 And 447) We Have ...

Ernesti
Ernesti (joan Avouerus), One Of The Most Illustrious Philologers And Theologians Of The Last Century. He Was Born On 4th August 1707, At Tennstadt, Of Which Place His Father, Likewise A Dis Tinguished Theologian, Was Pastor, And Superintend Ent Of The Electoral Dioceses Of Thuringia, Salz, And Sangerhusen. After Having ...

Essexshire
Essexshire Is Bounded On The South By The River Thames, On The East By The German Ocean, On The North By The Counties Of Suffolk And Cam Bridgeshire, And On The West By Hertfordshire And Middlesex. Its Surface Contains 1478 Square Miles, Aecording To The Recent Measurement Of The Board ...

Establishments Tor The Purposes
Establishments Tor The Purposes Of War. The French Army First Assumed A Regular Form Under Henry Iv.; But Its Peace Establishment, Includ Ing Both Horse And Foot, Did Not Then Exceed 10,000 Men, While The Whole Charge For The War Department, Including Ordnance And Half Pay, Was L.500,000. In 1610 ...

Establishments For The Purposes
Establishments For The Purposes Op Education And Science Education, Before The Revolution, Was Conducted In Schools, Colleges, And Other Establishments Of Old Date, At The Head Of Which Stood The University Of Paris. The Provincial Universities, Twenty-two In Number, Were Of Far Inferior Note, A Few Only, Such As Montpelier, ...

Faroe Or Faroe
Faroe, Faroe% Or Fraoz, A Groupe Of Euro Pean Islands, Situated In The Northern Ocean, Be Tween Shetland And Iceland, About 200 Miles North West Of The Former. They Appear To Form The Coun Try Described By The Early Venetian Navigators Un Der The Of Friesland, Though That Term Was ...

Fermanagh
Fermanagh, A County In Ireland, Situated In The Province Of Ulster, Having The Counties Of Done Gal And Tyrone On The North, Tyrone And Monag Han On The East, And Cavan And Leitrim On The South And West. Its Extent Is About 694 Square Miles, Or Nearly 450,000 English Acres, ...

Fermat Peter
Fermat (peter Equally Celebrated As A Restorer Of Ancient Mathematics, And An Original Au Thor Of Modern Improvements, Was Born In 1590. His Public Life Was Occupied By The Active Duties Attached To The Situation Of A Counsellor Of The Par Liament Of Toulouse, In Which He Distinguished Both For ...

Fichte
Fichte (jour; Theophilus), A Late Eminent German Metaphysician, Was Born At Rammenau, A Village Of Lusatia, On The 19th Of May 1762. His Father Was A Ribbon Manufacturer, And Carried On A Small Trade In Haberdashery. A Wealthy Person In The Neighbourhood, Having Been Struck With The Ex Traordinary Genius ...

Fifeshire
Fifeshire Is Bounded By The River Tay On The North,, The German Ocean On The East, The Frith Of .forth On The South, And On The West By The Coun Ties Of Kinross, Perth, And Clackmannan. Its Me Dium Length, From East To West, Is About 36 Miles, And Its ...

Filangieri
Filangieri (gansu), Celebrated For His Va Rious Works On Political Economy And Legislation, Was Born At Naples, On The 18th August 1752. He Was The Third Son Of Cesar Prince Cf Anianello, By Marianne Montalto, Daughter Of The Duke Of Frag Nito. His Family Was Ancient, And Rose To Distinc ...

Fisheries
Fisheries. Tons And Upwards, Which Was Afterwards Increased To 40s. ,per Ton. This, However, By 26th Geo. Was Again Reduced To 30s., But Several Encourage Ments Were Added For The Prosecution Of The Whale Fishery By Able And Expert Seamen. The Harpooners, The Line-managers, And The Boat-steerers, Were Not Only ...

Flintshire
Flintshire, A County Of North Wales. It Consists Of A Narrow Tract Of Land, About Twenty-eight Miles In Length, Varying Considerably In Its Breadth, In No Part Exceeding Ten Miles. The Irish Sea Part Ly Bounds It On The, North ; The River Dee And A Part Of Cheshire On ...

Florida
Florida, A District Of North America, Belong Ing To The Crown Of Spain, Having Been Ceded To It By Great Britain At The Peace Of 1783. The History Of Its Discovery And Early Establishment Being Narrat Ed In The Encyclopearlia, We Confine Ourselves To Such Notices Of It As Were ...

Flower Garden And Shrubbery
Flower Garden And Shrubbery. Under This Head, The Improvements May Be Con Sidered As Consisting Chiefly In The Introduction Of Various Ornamental Shrubs And Flowers, Formerly Un Known To Our Pleasure-grounds And Parterres. All That Here Seems Necessary, Therefore, Is To Mention The Most Important Of These, And To Take ...

Fontana
. Fontana (felix), A Distinguished Physiolo Gist And Experimental Philosopher, Was Born 15th April 1730, At Pomarolo, A Little Town In The Tyrol. He Began His Studies At The Neighbouring City Of Roveredo, And Continued Them In The Schools Of Ve Rona And Parma, And Afterwards In The Universi Ties ...

Forfar
Forfar, A County In Scotland, Bounded By The Shires Of Aberdeen And Kincardine On The North, The German Ocean On The East, The Frith Of Tay, Which Separates It From Fife, On The South, And The County Of Perth On The West. It Is Situated Between 27' And 57° North ...

Forster
Forster (jout; Reinhold), A Celebrated Natu. Ralist And Geographer, And An Accomplished Scholar And Linguist, Was Born 22d October 1729, At Dir Schaw In Polish Prussia, Where His Father Was Burgo Master Or Mayor. His Family Was Of English De Scent, And Had Quitted Great Britain In The Times Of ...

Forster_2
Forster (jon's George Adam), Commonly Called George, A Distinguished Naturalist And Cir. Cumnavigator, Son Of John Reinhold Forster, Was Born At Dantzic In 1754, And Enjoyed, In His Earliest Youth, The Advantage Of His Father's Assiduous And Affectionate Instructions, By Which He Profited So Ra Pidly, That He Was Capable, ...

Fourcroy Antony Francis
Fourcroy (antony Francis Na), A Celebrat Ed Chemist And Physician, Born At Paris 15th June 1755, Was The Son Of John Michael De Fourcroy, By His Marriage With Jane Laugier. His Family Had Been Long Established In The Capital ; Several Of Them Had Been Distinguished At The Bar, And ...

France
France. This Country Enjoys, Upon The Whole, Greater Na Tural Advantages Than Any Other In Europe. Her Territory Is Above One-half Larger Than Great Bri Tain And Ireland, And Is Superior In Soil And Climate. She Has A Greater Proportion Of Arable Land Than Any Of Her Neighbours; The Natural ...