In 37 Herod became king and having se cured almost despotic power, proceeded to make such radical ar chitectural changes that Jerusalem became a new city. Herod's great aim was to found a dynasty and make his kingdom re markable culturally and politically. "Twice had Israel the oppor tunity of becoming a great world power and on both occasions the nation deliberately rejected it" (F. J. Foakes Jackson, Biblical History of the Hebrews, Camb. 1921, p. 216) ; and the same au thor draws a striking parallel between Solomon and Herod : "both were men of exceptional ability . . . both made the Temple of Jerusalem a wonder of the world; both had strong sympathy with foreign ideas ; both cherished great schemes for the aggrandize ment of the nation which were regarded in Israel as contrary to its true destiny." Herod sought to achieve his ends by turning to Rome, as Solomon had turned to Tyre. At Rome, architecture was then particularly favoured. Herod had diplomatically en joyed the favour first of Antony and then of Augustus. Augustus claimed to have "found Rome brick and left it marble" (Suet. Aug. 29: Enc. Brit. nth ed., vol. 23, p. 585, n. 2 endorses this) and Herod determined to do the same for Jerusalem. His chief enterprises were the following :
He completely rebuilt the Temple from its foundations, doubling the area of the enclosure--a great part of the Haram walls date from his day; (2) he re stored the fortifications and added to their strength by construct ing the great fort of Antonia, north-west of the Temple; (3) on the western hill he raised a magnificent palace, defended by three great towers, named Mariamne, Hippicus and Phasaelus: the Tower of David, by the present Jaffa gate, is on the foundations of one of these towers; (4) he erected a theatre; (5) a gym nasium. His successor Archelaus (4 B.C.–A.D. 6) lost much of Herod's power which passed to the Procurators, under one of whom, Pilate, Jesus was crucified. The church of the Holy Sepul chre (see SEPULCHRE, HOLY) is now considered not to mark the site of his burial. Of other buildings in Jerusalem, e.g., the Xys tus or stone chamber where the Sanhedrin (q.v.) met, little is known. Herod Agrippa (41-44) built a third wall, the course of which is now (1928) being recovered by the Archaeological So ciety of Jerusalem University.
The Romans would not allow the work to continue and when Titus besieged Jerusalem in 7o the wall was not complete. Titus, attacking from the north, captured succes sively the third and second walls, Antonia, the Temple and the upper city. It is probable that his orders for the complete de struction of the Temple and fortifications with the exception of the three towers, were not carried out. The Roman garrison which he left remained at Jerusalem until the Jewish war of Freedom under Bar Kochba in 132. Following the defeat of the Jews, Jerusa lem was devastated more completely than by Titus. The site was ploughed over and a new city, Aelia Capitolina, so-called in hon our of (Aelius) Hadrianus, was built over the ruins. From this
Jews were excluded, but Christians, who had not sided with the Jews, might enter. Temples were dedicated to Bacchus, Venus and Serapis and over the former sanctuary a shrine of Jupiter Capitolinus was reared. A boar, the symbol of the X. Legion, was placed over the southern gate. Other buildings now constructed were the Theatre, the Demosia, the Tetranymphon, the Dode capylon and the Codra. For two centuries little is known of Jeru salem. In 326 Constantine ordered Bishop Macarius to recover the sites of the Crucifixion and the burial of Jesus : two great churches were built, one of which, the church of the Holy Sepul chre, stood where its present namesake stands : of the Basilica of the Cross no trace remains. In 46o the empress Eudocia re paired the walls and extended them so as to include Siloam, build ing also churches; of these one, above the Siloam pool, was re covered by F. J. Bliss, another over the reputed tomb of Stephen, north of the Damascus gate, was discovered in
Justinian's basilica, with adjacent hospitals for the sick and for pilgrims, built in the 6th century, is described by Procopius : this building probably occupied the so-called "Tomb of David." In 614 Chosroes II., of Persia, captured Jerusalem and damaged many buildings, including the church of the Sepulchre. Heraclius defeated Chosroes and re-entered Jerusalem in 629. In 637 Omar ousted the Romans but was careful not to harm the city. He built a wooden mosque which the Caliph Abdul Malik rebuilt in 688: this mosque is el-Aksa. Abdul Malik also constructed the Dome of the Rock (Kubbet
or Mosque of Omar). In 1099 the Crusaders, under Godfrey of Bouillon, entered Jerusalem and a terrible carnage ensued. Jerusalem became the capital of the Latin kingdom (see CRUSADERS) until Saladin reconquered it in 1187 and repaired the walls. Soon after 1167 Benjamin of Tudela visited Jerusalem and left a description of the city in his Itinerary. Excepting from 1229-39 and
Jerusalem re mained in Muslim hands until its capture (1917) by Allenby. In 1517 Selim I. of Turkey took Jerusalem from the Egyptians: the present configuration of the walls is due to him. As a result of the World War Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine, a mandated territory of the British empire.
The various articles, main and subsidiary (and bibliographies) in the Jewish Encyclopedia and Hastings D. Bib.; and in Jewish Year Book published annually by Jewish Chronicle, London (p. 316 foil. in 1928 issue) ; (2) G. A. Smith, Jerusalem (1907) (specially recommended) ; (3) S. Merrill, Ancient Jerusalem (1908) ; (4) Baedeker's and Murray's Guidebooks; (5) C. N. Whittingham, Home of Fadeless Splendour (1921) ;
Publications and transactions of:—The Palestine Exploration Fund ; Pro-Jerusalem Society ; British, German, Hebrew and American Archaeological Institutes in Jerusalem ; Conferences de Saint-Etienne (of Jerusalem), Paris (Gabalda and Co.). The Oxford Press is producing a large series of plates illustrative of Jerusalem art (architecture, crafts, etc.). (H. M. J. L.)