JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, an American educa tional institution at Baltimore (Md.). Its trustees, chosen by Johns Hopkins a successful Baltimore merchant, were incorporated August 24, 1867, under a general act "for the promotion of education in the State of Maryland." But nothing was actually done until after the death of Johns Hopkins (Dec. 24, when his fortune of $7,000,000 was equally divided between the projected university and a hospital, also to bear his name, and intended to be an auxiliary to the medical school of the university. The trustees of the university consulted men prominent in higher education, notably Charles W. Eliot of Har vard university, Andrew D. White of Cornell university, and James B. Angell, University of Michigan ; on December 3o, they elected Daniel Coit Gilman (q.v.) president. The university was formally opened February 22, 1876, the first classes meeting October 3, 1876.
The first year was largely given up to consultation among the newly chosen professors, among whom were : in Greek, B. L. Gildersleeve (1831-1924) ; in mathematics, J. J. Sylvester (1814 97) ; in chemistry, Ira Remsen (1846-1927) ; in biology, Henry Newell Martin (1848-96) ; in zoology, William Keith Brooks (1848-1908) ; and in physics, Henry Augustus Rowland (1848— 1901). Prominent among later teachers were Arthur Cayley, in mathematics; the Semitic scholar, Paul Haupt (1858-1926) ; Granville Stanley Hall (1846-1924), in psychology; Maurice Bloomfield (1848-1928), in Sanskrit and comparative philosophy; James Rendel Harris in Biblical philology; James Wilson Bright (1852-1926) in English philology ; Herbert B. Adams 1901), in history; and Richard T. Ely (1854– ), in economics.
The university at once became a pioneer in the United States in teaching by means of seminary courses and laboratories, and was eminently successful in encouraging research, in scholarly publications, and in the preparation of its students to become in structors in other colleges and universities. It includes graduate departments under the faculty of philosophy and the medical faculty, a school of hygiene and public health, a college of arts and sciences, a school of engineering, a school of business eco nomics, and a college for teachers.
From its foundation the university had novel features and a liberal administration. Twenty annual fellowships of $500 each were opened to the graduates of any college. Petrography and laboratory psychology were among the new sciences fostered by the new university. Such eminent outsiders were secured for brief residence and lecture courses as James Russell Lowell, F. J. Child, Simon Newcomb, H. E. von Holst, F. A. Walker, William James, James Bryce, E. A. Freeman, W. W. Goodwin, and Alfred Russell Wallace. The poet, Sidney Lanier, held an appointment as lec turer in English literature from 1879 until his death in the year 1881.
The medical department, inaugurated in 1893, is closely affili ated with the excellently equipped Johns Hopkins hospital (opened in 1889), and is actually a graduate school, as it admits only students holding the bachelor's degree or its equivalent. The degree of doctor of medicint, is conferred after four years of suc cessful study, and advanced courses are offered. Among the de partment's greatest teachers have been William Osler 1919) and William Henry Welch (1850-1934). President Gilman retired in September 1901, and was succeeded by Ira Remsen, a member of the original faculty. In October 1914 Frank Johnson Goodnow became president. He was followed, in 1929, by Joseph Sweetman Ames. Isaiah Bowman succeeded Dr. Ames in 1935. In 1909 the university, in co-operation with Goucher college, a well-equipped undergraduate school of high standing, initiated college courses for teachers, now the college for teachers; in 1911, summer courses; in 1916, evening courses in business economics and night courses for technical workers. A school of business economics, providing academic training for business careers, and conferring the degree of bachelor of science in economics, was opened in 1922. The Walter Hines Page school of international relations was opened in 1930.