GARD ( 1ST BARON) cr. 1928 (1858— ), British tor, son of the Rev. F. G. Lugard, was born on Jan. 22, 1858. He entered the army in 1878 and served in the Afghan War (1879 8o), in the Sudan campaign (1884-85) and in Burma (i886-87). In May 1888 he took command of an expedition organized by the British settlers in Nyasaland against the Arab slave traders on Lake Nyasa, and was severely wounded. In April 1889 he was engaged by the Imperial British East Africa Company. In their service he explored the Sabaki river region, and elaborated a scheme for the emancipation of the slaves in the Zanzibar main land. In 1890 he was sent by the company to Uganda, where he secured British predominance and put an end to the civil dis turbances, though not without severe fighting, chiefly notable for an unprovoked attack by. the "French" on the "British" faction. While administering Uganda he journeyed round Ruwenzori to Albert Edward Nyanza, mapping a large area of the country. He also visited Albert Nyanza, and brought away some thousands of Sudanese who had been left there by Emin Pasha and H. M. Stanley.
In 1892 Lugard returned to England, where he opposed the abandonment of Uganda by Great Britain, contemplated by the fourth Gladstone administration. In 1894 Lugard was despatched by the Royal Niger Company to Bornu, where, distancing his French and German rivals, he secured treaties with the kings and chiefs acknowledging the sovereignty of the British company. In 1896-97 he took charge of an expedition to Lake Ngami on behalf of the British West Charterland Company. He was recalled by the British government and sent to West Africa, to raise a native force to protect British interests in the hinterland of Lagos and Nigeria against French aggression. In Aug. 1897 he raised the
West African Frontier Force, and commanded it until the end of December 1899. The differences with France were then composed, and, the Royal Niger Company having surrendered its charter, Lugard was chosen as high commissioner of Northern Nigeria. The part of Northern Nigeria under effective control was small, and Lugard's task in organizing this territory was impeded by the refusal of the sultan of Sokoto and many other Fula princes to fulfil their treaty obligations. In i9o3 a successful campaign against the emir of Kano and the sultan of Sokoto facilitated the extension of British control over the whole protectorate, and when in Sept. 1906 he resigned his commissionership, the whole country was being peacefully administered under the supervision of British residents. (See NIGERIA.) In April 1907 he was appointed gov ernor of Hong-Kong. He was appointed in March 1912 Governor of both Northern and Southern Nigeria, with instructions to amalgamate the two administrations. The amalgamation became effective on Jan. I, 1914, Sir Frederick being given the personal title of governor-general. He guided the affairs of Nigeria throughout the World War, retiring in 1919, and was made a privy councillor in 1920. In 1922 he published The Dual Mandate, a book dealing with the duties of European Powers in tropical Africa. In November of that year he became a member of the permanent mandates commission of the League of Nations. (See