LUNGE, GEORG (1839-1923), German chemist, was born at Breslau on Sept. 15, 1839. He studied at Heidelberg (under R. W. Bunsen [q.v.]) and Breslau, graduating at the latter uni versity in 1859. Turning his attention to technical chemistry, he became chemist at several works both in Germany and England, and in 1876 he was appointed professor of technical chemistry at Zurich polytechnic, a post which he resigned in 1907. Lunge's original contributions cover a very wide field, dealing both with technical processes and analysis. His treatises Coal Tar and Am monia (5th ed. 1909; 1st ed. 1867), Destillation des Steinkoh !entheers and Sulphuric Acid and Alkali (Ist. ed. 1878, 4th ed.
1909) are standard works; a completely re-written English edition of the latter work was published between 1923 and 5925. He was also part author of the well-known Lunge-Berl Chemische Unter suchungs-Methoden (7th ed: 1921-1924). He died on Jan. 3,
1923.
a name given to the fishes of the order Dipneusti (double-breathers), with gills and with the air-bladder closely resembling the lung of higher vertebrates, and used for breathing air. Neoceratodus of Queensland only occasionally comes to the surface to breathe air. The Lepidosirenidae, including Protopterus of Africa and Lepidosiren of South America, inhabit swamps and marshes, and rise to breathe air at frequent inter vals; in the dry season, when the swamps dry up, the fishes curl up and sleep at the bottom of a burrow, the entrance to which is closed with a plug of mud, with one or more openings for the admission of air. It may be noted that fishes of other groups have the air-bladder primitive and lung-like in structure, and use it for breathing air, particularly the African Polypterus. (See FISHES.)