LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850-1924), American states man and author, was born in Boston, Mass., on May 12, 1850. He graduated at Harvard college in 1871 and at the Harvard Law school in 1875; was admitted to the Suffolk (Mass.) bar in 1876; and in 1876-79 was instructor in American history at Harvard. He was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1880-81, and of the national House of Representatives in 1887 93. In 1893 he succeeded Henry L. Dawes as U.S. senator from Massachusetts, a place he continued to hold for nearly 32 years.
His continuous service in the Senate brought recognition during the closing years of the Roosevelt Administration and under Taft as one of the most prominent of the Republican leaders. He was a member of the Alaskan Boundary Commission of 1903, and of the U.S. Immigration Commission of 1907. He served as perma nent chairman of the Republican National conventions of 7900, 1908 and 192o. During the Republican-Progressive split which led to the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912, Lodge maintained his personal friendship with Roosevelt, while he held true to his long established principles of party regularity by supporting Taft, the Republican nominee.
In 1914 Lodge supported Wilson's demand for the repeal of the Panama tolls exemption, but lost confidence in him as a result of the President's handling of the Mexican problem in 1914, and thereafter became one of his principal critics. He opposed Wil son's Caribbean policy and Colombia Treaty, and desired the en trance of his country into the World War after the sinking of the "Lusitania." In Jan. 1916 he offered a resolution calling for armed intervention in Mexico.
With the entrance of the United States into the World War, Lodge called for united support of the President in all policies that might increase the war effort of the United States, although he opposed the Overman Act, designed to organize war-making agencies. Wilson's peace policies Lodge neither understood nor approved. In 1915 and 1916 he himself had advocated a league of nations and the principle of compulsory arbitration, but he later confessed that he changed his mind and saw in Wilson's proposals more danger than advantage. In Aug. 1918 Lodge was elected Republican floor leader of the Senate, and becoming chairman of the Senate foreign relations committee, he was the leader of the opposition to Wilsonian peace policies. On Dec. 21, 1918, Lodge inaugurated a successful campaign against the Wilson peace plan when he insisted on the need of separating the League of Nations from the Versailles Treaty. On March 4 following Lodge with 38 Republican senators issued a declaration disapproving of the Covenant as it was and its inclusion in the treaty. He did not hope to defeat the treaty by a straight vote of disapproval ; the popular demand for peace was too compelling. He did succeed, however, in attaching 15 reservations to the treaty which attracted the support of the die-hard enemies of Wilson. Wilson refused to accept the reservations, and Lodge was able to hold his group firm in refusing to pass the treaty without reservations. His
tactical success was unquestionable when on March 19, 1920, the treaty, which had been reintroduced, having previously been defeated both with and without reservations, failed by seven votes, to secure the necessary two-thirds vote of the Senate, the Demo cratic senators voting against it at the wish of the President.
As the successful leader of the opposition to Wilson, Lodge's prestige was increased. He served as one of the four U.S. delegates at the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments in 1921. His influence waned after he opposed Harding's proposal for joining the World Court, but he was re elected to the Senate in 1922 by a narrow margin. He died at Nahant (Mass.), on Nov. 9, 1924, at the age of 74.
Senator Lodge was one of the chief congressional figures of the last decade of the 19th and the first two decades of the 2oth centuries. Reputed cold and distant in manner, he enjoyed the prestige indicated by his popular appellation, the "scholar in politics," and held the respect of his colleagues on both sides of the Senate.
His literary production started early and continued until the close of his life. In 1874-76 he edited the North American Re view with Henry Adams; and in 1879-82, with John T. Morse, Jr., he edited the International Review. In 1884-90 he was an overseer of Harvard college. His doctoral thesis at Harvard was published with essays by Henry Adams, J. L. Laughlin and Ernest Young, under the title Essays on Anglo-Saxon Land Law (1876). He wrote : Life and Letters of George Cabot (1877) ; Alexander Hamilton (1882) , Daniel Webster (1883) and George Washington (2 vol., 1889), in the "American Statesmen" series; A Short His tory of the English Colonies in America (1881) ; Studies in His tory (1884) ; Boston (1891), in the "Historic Towns" series; Historical and Political Essays (1892) ; with Theodore Roosevelt, Hero Tales from American History (1895) ; Certain Accepted Heroes (1897) ; The Story of the American Revolution (2 vol., 1898) ; The War with Spain (1899) ; A Fighting Frigate (1902); A Frontier Town (1906) ; with J. W. Garner, A History of the United States (4 vol., 1906). He edited The Works of Alexander Hamilton (9 vol., 1885-86) ; The Federalist (1891) ; Andre's Journal (1903) ; and Education of Henry Adams (1918).
William Lawrence's Henry Cabot Lodge (1925) is the only complete biography of Lodge, though short sketches appear in a number of magazines. Speeches and Addresses (1909) ; One Hun dred Years of Peace (1913) ; Early Memories (1913) The De mocracy of the Constitution (1915); War Addresses, 1915-1917 (1917) ; Theodore Roosevelt (1919); The Senate of the United States, and Other Essays (1921) ; and The Senate and the League of Nations (1925).
His son, GEORGE CABOT LODGE (1873-1909), also became known as an author, with The Song of the Wave (1898), Poems, 1899-19o2 (1902); The Great Adventure (19o5), Cain: a Drama (1904), Herakles (1908) and other verse. (C. BEY.)