Lubricants
Lubricants. The Lubricants Are Of Three Classes; Solid, Semi-solid And Liquid. Various Forms Of Graphites Or Plumbago And Soapstone Constitute The First Class. The Second Class Is Com Posed Mainly Of The Animal Fats And Of Greases That Are Made Of A Combination Of Fats And Oils Thickened Either With ...
Lubrication
Lubrication. An Object Which Slides Or Rolls Upon An Other Generates Friction. Unless A Solid Or A Liquid Lubricant Is Placed Between The Surfaces To Hold Them Apart And Allow Them To Slide On Each Other With Minimum Effort, Friction Ultimately Causes Abrasion And The Destruction Of The Objects. In ...
Lucan Marcus Annaeus Lucanus
Lucan (marcus Annaeus Lucanus) (a.d. 39 65), Latin Poet, Born At Corduba (cordova), Son Of M. A. Mela And Grandson Of The Elder, Nephew Of The Younger, Seneca (mart. I., 61, 7, "of The Two Senecas And The One Lucan Eloquent Cor Duba Tells"), Was Brought As An Infant To ...
Lucania
Lucania, A District Of Southern Italy, Extending From The Tyrrhenian Sea To The Gulf Of Tarentum. To The North It Adjoined Campania, Samnium And Apulia, And To The South It Was Separated By A Narrow Isthmus From The District Of Bruttii. It Thus Com Prised Almost All The Modern Region ...
Lucca
Lucca, Town And Archiepiscopal See Of Tuscany, Italy, (anc. Luca), Capital Of The Province Of Lucca, 13 M. By Rail N.e. Of Pisa. Pop. (1931) 37,999 (town) ; 81,807 (commune). It Is 62 Ft. Above Sea-level, In The Fertile Valley Of The Serchio, And Looks Out For The Most Part ...
Lucerne
Lucerne, One Of The Cantons Of Central Switzerland. Its Total Area Is 575 Sq.m., Of Which About 90% Is Classed As "pro Ductive" (forests Covering Nearly One-fifth Of The Total). It Con Tains No Glaciers Or Eternal Snows, Its Highest Points Being The Brienzer Rothhorn (7,714 Ft.) And Pilatus (6,995 ...
Lucian
Lucian (d. 312), Christian Martyr, Was Born, Like The Famous Heathen Writer Of The Same Name, At Samosata. His Parents, Who Were Christians, Died When He Was Twelve. In His Youth He Studied Under Macarius Of Edessa, And After Receiving Baptism He Adopted A Strictly Ascetic Life. Settling At Antioch ...
Lucian
Lucian (aowctavos) (c. A.d. 125-c. 190), Greek Sophist And Satirist, Was Born At Samosata (hist. 24), The Chief Town Of Commagene In Syria, On The West Bank Of The Euphrates (pisc. 19). The Precise Dates Of His Birth And Death Are Uncertain, And The Little That Is Known Of His ...
Lucifer
Lucifer (d. 371), Bishop Of Cagliari (hence Called Cara Litanus), An Ardent Supporter Of The Cause Of Athanasius. After The Unfavourable Result Of The Synod Of Arles In 353 He Volunteered To Endeavour To Obtain A New And Impartial Council. He Was Accordingly Sent By Pope Liberius, With Pancratius The ...
Lucius
Lucius, The Name Of Three Popes. Lucius I., Pope For Eight Months (253-254), Spent A Short Period Of His Pontificate In Exile. He Is Referred To In Several Letters Of Cyprian (see Epist. Lxviii. 5) As Agreeing With His Predecessor Cornelius In Preferring The Milder Treatment Of The Lapsed Penitent. ...
Lucius Licinius Lucullus
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, Surnamed Ponticus, (c. Im-56 B.c.), Roman General, Was The Son Of Lucius Licinius Lucullus And A Sister Of Metellus Numidicus. He Joined The Party Of Sulla Early In Life, And After Service In The Social War (90) Went With Sulla As Quaestor To Greece And Asia In ...
Lucknow
Lucknow (liik'now), A City, District And Division Of Brit Ish India. The City Was The Capital Of Oudh From 1775 Until Merged In The United Provinces In 190 1. Pop. (1931) 274,659. It Lies Mainly On The Right Bank Of The Winding River Gumti. East Of The City The Civil ...
Lucretilis Mons
Lucretilis Mons, A Mountain In Sabine Territory, Men Tioned By Horace As Visible From His Farm, Generally (and Rightly) Identified With Monte Gennaro, A Limestone Peak 4,160 Ft. High. Excavations On The Site Of Horace's Farm Have Led To The Dis Covery Of The Building Itself, With Baths Added At ...
Luddites
Luddites, The Name Given To Organized Bands Of English Rioters For The Destruction Of Machinery, Who Made Their First Appearance In Nottingham And The Neighbouring Districts Towards The End Of 181r. The "ludds" Or Luddites Were Generally Masked, And Operated At Night. Their Leader, Real Or Imaginary, Was Known As ...
Ludhiana
Ludhiana, A Town And District Of British India, In The Pun Jab. The Town Is 8mi. From The Present Left Bank Of The Sutlej, 228mi. By Rail N.w. Of Delhi. Pop. (1931) 68,586. It Is An Im Portant Centre Of Trade In Grain, And Has Manufactures Of Shawls, Etc., By ...
Ludlow
Ludlow, Municipal Borough, Shropshire, England, On The River Teme Below Its Confluence With The Corve, Near The Here Ford Border. Pop. (1931) On The Peninsula The Castle, Founded Late In The Iith Century By Roger De Lacy, Occupies A Commanding Position. Interesting Features Are The Late Norman Circular Chapel, The ...
Lugo
Lugo, A Maritime Province Of North-western Spain, Formed In 1833 Of Districts Taken From The Old Province Of Galicia, And Bounded North By The Atlantic, East By Oviedo And Leon, South By Orense, And West By Pontevedra And Corunna. Pop. (1920) 469,705; Area, 3,814 Sq.m. The Coast, Which Extends For ...
Luke
Luke, The Traditional Author Of The Third Gospel And The Book Of Acts, And The Most Literary Among The Writers Of The New Testament. He Was Of Non-jewish Origin (col. Iv. Ii, 14), A Fact Of Great Interest In Relation To His Writings. His Name, A Pet Form Of Lucanus ...
Lumbering
Lumbering, A Term Applied To The Harvesting Of The Prod Ucts Of The Forest, And Their Conversion Into Various Shapes And Sizes For Further Commercial Use. Lumbering Deals With The Grow Ing, Manufacture And Distribution Of Lumber And Lumber Products. One Of The First Great Obstacles Encountered By The Early ...
Lumbini
Lumbini, The Grove In Which, According To Buddhist Legend, The Buddha Was Born. There Are Two References To The Name In The Pali Scriptures, The First In The Narrative Poem Prefixed To The Nalaka-sutta In The Sutta-nipata, Where It Is Related How The Gods Rejoicing In The Sky Inform The ...
Luneburg
Luneburg, A Town In The Prussian Province Of Hanover, Near A Small Hill Named The Kalkberg, On The Navigable Ilmenau, 14 M. Above Its Confluence With The Elbe And 3o M. By Rail S.e. Of Hamburg. Pop. (1933) 31,171, Luneburg Existed In The Days Of Charlemagne, And Gained Importance After ...
Lupercalia
Lupercalia, A Very Ancient Roman Festival. Its Rites Were Under The Superintendence Of A Corporation Of Priests Called Luperci (possibly "wolf-averters," Lupus+arceo: So Vani'eek), Whose Institution Is Attributed Either To Evander Or To Romulus And Remus. But The Festival Itself, Which Was Held On Feb. 15 Con Tains No Reference ...
Lupin Or Lupine
Lupin Or Lupine, In Botany, A Genus, Lupinus, Of About 150 Species Of Annual And Perennial Herbaceous Plants Of The Tribe Genisteae, Of The Family Leguminosae. Species With Digitate Leaves Range Along The West Side Of America From British Columbia To Northern Chile, While A Few Occur In The Mediterranean ...
Lupus
Lupus, A Disease Of The Skin Occurring In Two Varieties. Lupus Vulgaris, Tuberculosis Of The Skin, Is Caused By B. Tuber Culosis And Is Characterized By The Formation In The Skin Or Mucous Membrane Of Small Nodules Consisting Of Inflammatory Cells Liable To Coalescence, Retrograde Change, Ulceration And Destruction Of ...
Luray Cavern
Luray Cavern, A Large Cave In Page County, Va., U.s.a., 39° 35' N. And 78° 17' W., Near The Village Of Luray, On The Norfolk And Western Railway. The Valley, Here Lam. Wide, Ex Tends From The Blue Ridge To The Massanutton Mountain. The Ridges Lie In Vast Folds And ...
Luristan
Luristan, In The Wider Sense, The "land Of The Lurs," Namely That Part Of Western Persia Which Is Bounded By 'iraq On The West And Extends For About 40o M. North-west–south-east From Kirmanshah To Fars With A Breadth Of Ioo To 540 M. It Is Chiefly Mountainous, Being Intersected By ...
Lusatia
Lusatia (lausitz), A Name Applied To Two Neighbouring Districts In Germany, Between The Elbe And The Oder, Viz., "upper" And "lower" Lusatia. Lusatia In The Middle Ages Corn Prised What Is Now Known As "lower" Lusatia; It Is Only In The 15th Century That The "district Of The Six Towns" ...
Lushai Hills
Lushai Hills, A Mountainous District Of Assam, South Of Cachar, On The Border Between Assam And Burma. Area, 8,092 Sq.m. ; Pop. (1931), 124,404. The Hills Are For The Most Part Cov Ered With Dense Forest Or Bamboo Jungle, In Which There Are Clear Ings For Cultivation. They Are Sparsely ...
Lusignan
Lusignan, The Name Of A Family Which Sprang From Poitou And Long Held The Kingdom Of Cyprus A Hugh De Lusignan Appears In The Ill-fated Crusade Of Iioo–i 1 Oi ; Another Hugh, The Brown, Came As A Pilgrim To The Holy Land In 1164, And Was Taken Prisoner By ...
Lustration
Lustration, A Term That Includes All The Methods Of Purification And Expiation Among The Greeks And Romans. Among The Greeks Two Ideas Prevailed; That Human Nature Must Purify Itself (k6.0apacs) From Guilt Before It Is Fit To Enter Into Com Munion With God Or Even To Associate With Men, And ...
Lute
Lute, An Ancient, Stringed Musical Instrument, Derived In Form As Well As Name From The Arabs. The Complete Family Con Sisted Of The Pandura, Tanbur Or Mando Line As Treble, The Lute As Alto Or Tenor, The Barbiton Or Theorbo As Bass, And The Chitarrone As Double Bass. The Arab ...
Maritime Log
Log, Maritime, An Appliance For Measuring The Speed Of A Ship Through The Water. The Oldest Form Of Log Of A Practical Nature Was That Known As The "common Log." The Outfit Consisted Of A Log-ship Or Log-chip, Log-reel, Log-line And Log-glass. The Log Ship Was A Wooden Quadrant About ...
Max 1847 1935 Liebermann
Liebermann, Max (1847-1935), German Painter And Etcher, Was Born In Berlin On July 20, 1847. After Studying Under Steffeck, He Entered The. School Of Art At Weimar In 1869. Though The Straightforward Simplicity Of His First Exhibited Picture, "women Plucking Geese" (berlin, National Gallery) In 1872, Pre Sented Already A ...
Maxim Maximovich Litvinov
Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich (1876— ), Russian Politician, Was Born At Bielostok. When 17 He Entered Military Service As A Volunteer And While In The Army Became Interested In Marxism. When His Service Was Completed, He Became A Member Of The Kiev Committee Of The Social Dem Ocratic Party. One Of ...
Maximilien Paul Emile Littre
Littre, Maximilien Paul Emile , French Lexicographer And Philosopher, Was Born In Paris On Feb. I, 1801. He Was Educated At The Lycee Louis-le-grand, Where He Had For Friends Hachette And Eugene Burnouf. He Then Studied The English And German Languages, And Classical And San Skrit Literature And Philology. He ...
Mediate Inference
Mediate Inference We Have To Consider Now What Kind Of Conclusions Can Be Inferred From Two Or More Propositions Jointly That Could Not Be Inferred From Any Of Them Singly. Now Two Or More Propositions With Entirely Different Terms Cannot Between Them Imply More Than The Bare Sum Of Their ...
Michael Tarielovich Loris Melikov
Loris-melikov, Michael Tarielovich, Count (1826-1888), Russian Statesman, Son Of An Armenian Merchant, Was Born At Tiflis On Jan. 1, 1826, And Educated In St. Petersburg, First In The Lazarev School Of Oriental Languages, And Afterwards In The Guard's Cadet Institute. He Joined A Hussar Regiment, And In 1847 He Was ...
Military Light Railways
Light Railways, Military. These Are 6ocm. Gauge Railways Laid With Steel Rails, Weighing 20 Lb. To The Linear Yard Of Rail, On Sleepers Weighing From Ii To 221 Lb. Each, Accord Ing To The Weight Of The Rolling-stock Used, And Laid 2ft. 6in. Apart On A Ballast Track, The Ballast ...
Miscellaneous Lighthouse Equipment
Miscellaneous Lighthouse Equipment Modern Lighthouse Lanterns Usually Consist Of A Cast-iron Or Steel Pedestal, Cylindrical In Plan, On Which Is Erected The Lantern Glazing, Surmounted By A Domed Roof And Ventilator (fig. 12). Adequate Ventilation Is Of Great Importance, And Is Provided By Means Of Ventilators In The Pedestal And ...
Modern British Libraries
Modern British Libraries State Libraries, British Museum.—the British Museum Ranks In Importance Before All The Great Libraries Of The World, Except The National Library Of France, And Excels In The Ar Rangement And Accessibility Of Its Contents. The Library Consists Of About 3,200,000 Printed Vols. And 56,000 Mss. ; The ...
Modern Illuminants Gas Flames
Modern Illuminants Gas Flames Illuminating Gas Is Produced By Destructive Distillation Of Almost Any Organic Compound, Notably Coal, And Contains Many Different Gaseous Compounds, Together With The Elementary Gas Hydrogen And Some Inert Nitrogen. Coal Gas Is Manufactured From Coals Having A Rather Large Percentage Of Volatile Ingredients (17 To ...
Modern Library Planning
Modern Library Planning The Three Types Of Libraries Represented By The Two Works Of Labrouste And The British Museum, Are The Elementary Types On Which Virtually All Large Modern Libraries Are Based. To The Type Of The Ste. Genevieve ; I.e., With A Reading Room Lighted On Both Sides, With ...
Monaco Lorenzo
Lorenzo, Monaco, Also Called Don Lorenzo (c. 1370— C. 1425), Italian Painter, Was Born At Siena. He Took The Vows Of The Camaldolese Order In 1391 And Lived Mostly At The Monastery Of Santa Maria Degli Angeli, In Florence. His Name As A Layman Was Piero Di Giovanni Del Popolo ...
Of Cladonia Pyxidata
Of Cladonia Pyxidata The Gonidia (chroococcus) From A Zone At The Base Of The Upward Hyphae. In Corella And Dictyo Nema The Scytonema Trichomes Retain Their Form And Are Sur Rounded By The Lichen Hyphae. Basidiolichens Are Related To The Fungal Family Thelephoraceae: The Fructification Is By Basidiospores Borne On ...
Oil Electric And Miscellaneous Types
Diesel, Oil-electric And Miscellaneous Types The Oil-electric Locomotive Is An Electrically Operated Locomo Tive Having Self-contained Equipment For Generating The Required Electrical Energy. It Utilizes An Internal Combustion Oil Engine As Prime Mover, Transforms The Power There Developed By Means Of A Generator And Applies The Resulting Electrical Energy Through ...
Pact Of Locarno
Locarno, Pact Of, A Series Of Diplomatic Instruments For Peace And Arbitration Drawn Up At Locarno In 1925, Whereby (i) Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain And Italy Mutually Guaranteed The Peace In Western Europe And (2) Germany Under Took To Arbitrate About Disputes With France, Belgium, Poland And Czechoslovakia. The ...
Percival 1855 1916 Lowell
Lowell, Percival (1855-1916), American Astron Omer, Was Born In Boston, Mass., On March 13, 1855. A Member Of A Brilliant Family, He Graduated With Honours At Harvard In 1876 And After A Year Of Travel Returned To Boston Where He Was Active In Business. From 1883 To 1893 His Energies ...
Pierre Loti
Loti, Pierre (the Pen Name Of Louis Marie Julien Viaud) (1850-1923), French Author, Was Born At Rochefort On Jan. 185o. Following The Tradition Of His Family, He Entered The Navy, Attained The Rank Of Captain In 1906, And In 1910 Was Placed On The Reserve List. His Earliest Work Aziyade, ...
Pietro 1702 1785 Longhi
Longhi, Pietro (1702-1785), Venetian Painter, Cele Brated For His Little Pictures Of Satiric Genre, Was Born In He Was A Pupil Of Antonio Balestra And Guiseppe Maria Crespi At Bologna. He Has Very Aptly Been Called The Goldoni Of Painting, And Mariette Said Of Him "il Devint Un Autre Watteau." ...
Pietro Lorenzetti C
Pietro Lorenzetti (c. Elder Brother Of Ambro Gio, Called Pietro Laurati By Vasari, Son Of Lorenzo Laurati, Was Probably A Pupil Of Duccio. According To Vasari He Worked In Florence, Pisa, Pistoia And Arezzo, As Well As In His Native Town; He May Have Visited Assisi. The Earliest Work Of ...
Polarization And Electromagnetic Theory
Polarization And Electromagnetic Theory In Our Review Of The History Of Optics We Described Some Of The Earlier Work On Polarization, And We Must Now Make Its Character Clearer. The Phenomena Of Interference And Diffraction Were All Explained By Regarding The Light As A Wave, Leaving It Entirely Open What ...
Purple Medic K Or
Lucerne, Purple Medic K Or Alfalfa, Known Botanically As Medi Cago Sativa, A Plant Of The Family Leguminosae. In Eng Land It Is Still Commonly Called "lucerne," But In America "al Falfa," An Arabic Term ("the Best Fodder"), Which, Owing To Its Increasing Cultivation In The Western Hemisphere, Has Come ...
R H Ga
(r. H. Ga.) Battle Of Long Island, 1776.—the Interest Of This Battle Lies In The Fact That It Was The First Engagement In The Campaign Of 1776 (see American Revolution) And Was Expected In Eng Land To Be Decisive Of The Contest In The Colonies. After The Evacuation Of Boston ...
Refraction And Double Refraction
Refraction And Double Refraction We Have Already Made Much Use Of The Idea That The Optical Effect Of A Transparent Medium Can Be Represented By A Refractive Index. This Is Not Of Course An Explanation Of Refraction ; For That We Shall Have To Consider Atomic Processes, But Without Doing ...
Richard 1618 1658 Lovelace
Lovelace, Richard (1618-1658), English Poet, Was Born At Woolwich In 1618. His Father, Sir William Lovelace, Had Served In The Low Countries, Received The Honour Of Knighthood From James I., And Was Killed At Grolle In 1628. His Brother, Francis Lovelace, The "colonel Francis" Of Lucasta, Served On The Side ...
Robert Lundy
Lundy, Robert (fl. 1689), Governor Of Londonderry. He Had Seen Service In The Foreign Wars Before 1688, When He Was At Dublin With The Rank Of Lieutenant-colonel In The Regiment Of Lord Mountjoy. Mountjoy And His Regiment Were Well Received In The North, And The Citizens Of Derry Permitted Him ...
Robert R 1 Livingston
Livingston, Robert R. (1 ), American States Man, Son Of Robert R. Livingston (1718-75), A Justice Of The New York Supreme Court After 1763, And Brother Of Edward Livingston (q.v.), Was Born In New York City On Nov. 27, 1746. He Gradu Ated At King's College, New York (now Columbia ...
Robert Stewart Londonderry
Londonderry, Robert Stewart, 2nd Mar Quess Of (1769-1822), British Statesman, Was The Eldest Son Of Robert Stewart Of Ballylawn Castle, In Donegal, And Mount Stewart In Down, An Ulster Landowner, Of Kin To The Galloway Stewarts, Who Became Baron, Viscount, Earl And Marquess In The Peerage Of Ireland. The Son, ...
Rudolf Hermann Lotze
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann German Philosopher, Was Born In Bautzen On May 21, 1817, The Son Of A Physician. He Studied In The Gymnasium Of Zittau, And In 1834 Entered The University Of Leipzig Where, Four Years Later, He Gained His M.d. And Also A Doctorate In Philosophy. Lotze's Studies Were ...
Seth 1850 1916 Low
Low, Seth (1850-1916), American Municipal And Educa Tional Administrator, Was Born In Brooklyn, N.y., On Jan. 18, 1850. Of New England Descent, He Displayed On Municipal Reform And The Development Of A Great University The Energy His Ancestors Had Used In Conquering The Indians, Fighting The British, And Build Ing ...
Simon Fraser Lovat
Lovat, Simon Fraser, 12th Baron (c. 1667-1747), Scottish Chief And Jacobite Intriguer, Was Born About 1667 And Was The Second Son Of Thomas Fraser, Third Son Of The 8th Lord Lovat. Young Simon Was Educated At King's College, Aberdeen. And One Of His First Acts On Leaving College Was To ...
Simon Nicolas Henri Linguet
Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri French Journalist And Advocate, Was Born On July 14, 1736, At Rheims. He Was Admitted To The Bar In 1764, Where He Became One Of The Most Famous Pleaders Of His Century, But Was Dis Missed In 1775 On Account Of His Bitter Attacks Against His ...
Sir Hudson 1769 1844 Lowe
Lowe, Sir Hudson (1769-1844), English General, Was The Son Of An Army Surgeon, John Lowe, And Was Born At Galway On July 28, 1769 And Was Gazetted Ensign In His 12th Year. After The Outbreak Of War With France Early In The Year 1793, Lowe Was Almost Continuously On Active ...
Or Longevity
Longevity, Or Length Of Days, Is The Prolongation Of Life To Or Beyond The Standard Duration. Generally Speaking There Is A Rough Correspondence Between The Bodily Bulk And The Span Of Life; Thus The Imagines Of Ephemerids Or Dayflies After An Hour Or Two Of "aerial Life Devoted To Love" ...
Or V Louis Iv
Louis Iv., Or V. (c. 1287-1347), Surnamed The Bavarian, Roman Emperor And Duke Of Upper Bavaria, Was The Second Son Of Louis Ii., Duke Of Upper Bavaria And Count Palatine Of The Rhine, And Matilda, Daughter Of The German King Rudolph I. At His Father's Death In 1294 He Inherited, ...