Louis Hubert Gonzalve 934 Lyautey

LYAUTEY, LOUIS HUBERT GONZALVE '934), French marshal, was born at Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) on Nov. 17, 1854. Having passed through St. Cyr and the Staff College, he first served as a cavalry officer, and was then appointed in 1894 to the staff of the troops in Indo-China, where he took part, under General Gallieni, in the operations against the pirates of Upper Tongking. He accompanied General Gallieni to Mada gascar, where he applied himself to working out and putting into practice new and eminently successful methods of colonial govern ment. Having returned to his regiment as its colonel, he was soon after appointed to the command in the territory of Kin Sefra, which was being disturbed by incursions from Morocco. He was then placed in command of the Oran division, and was entrusted with the carrying out of international agreements with regard to Morocco. Having restored order on the Algerian-Moroccan fron tier, as far as Moulouya and Guis, he took command of the X. Corps at Rennes.

In April 1912, in view of the serious situation at Fez, the Gov ernment sent him to Morocco as high commissioner and resident general to quell disturbances and to consolidate the recently de clared protectorate. Immediately on his arrival he relieved Fez, and initiated the work of pacification and colonization which was to result in a few years in the creation of a well organized Govern ment on a solid basis. On the declaration of the World War,

although formally ordered by the Government to evacuate the interior of Morocco, so as to liberate the greater part of his forces, he maintained his ground for four years against all attacks, while he actually increased the subjugated territory.

In Dec. 1917 General Lyautey

was appointed war minister, but resigned after three months in order to return to Morocco. From 192o to 1924 he continued his work by conquering the At las, and by establishing a defensive barrier to the north of Ouer gha. As a reward for these services he was made a marshal of France in Feb. 1921. He organized a victorious resistance to the attacks of the Rifi under Abdel-Krim, and did not resign the post of resident-general until order was completely restored in 1925. Marshal Lyautey pacified Morocco by the adoption of judicious methods of colonial government, and by constructive work and fine organization a province was built up with a great economic future. (See MoRocco.) He was made a member of the French Academy in 1914, and wrote numerous articles on colonial adminis tration. He died July 27, 1934, See his Letters de Tonkin et de Madagascar, and a volume of speeches entitled Paroles d'action, igoo-26 (1927); also Britsch, Le Marechal Lyautey (1921). (M. Go.)