John Singleton Copley Lyndhurst
Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron (1772-1863), Lord Chancellor Of England, Was Born At Boston, Massachusetts, On May 21, 1772. He Was The Son Of John Single Ton Copley, The Painter. He Was Educated At A Private School And Cambridge University, Where He Was Second Wrangler And Fellow Of Trinity. Called ...
Jose Agostinho De 171
(1908). (e. A. J.; X.) Macedo, Jose Agostinho De 17_1 ( 6 Guese ,-1_31, , _ Guese Poet And Prose Writer, Was Born At Beja Of Plebeian Family, And Became Professed As An Augustinian In 1778, But Owing To His Turbulent Character He Spent A Great Part Of His Time ...
Joseph De 1754 1821 Maistre
Maistre, Joseph De (1754-1821), French Diplomatist And Polemical Writer, Was Born At Chambery On April 1, His Family Was An Ancient And Noble One, And Is Said To Have Been Of Languedocian Extraction. The Father Of Joseph Was President Of The Senate Of Savoy, And Held Other Important Offices. Joseph ...
Jules Hardouin Mansard
Mansard, Jules-hardouin French Architect, Was Born At Paris, Probably On April 16, 1646, Although This Date Is Contested. He Was The Son Of Raphael (?) Hardouin, Painter To The King, And Distantly Related To Francois Mansart. For Some Time He Worked Under The Instruction Of Liberal Bruant, With Whom He ...
Julia Sarah Frances Frost
Marlowe, Julia [sarah Frances Frost] (1866— ), American Actress, Was Born Near Keswick, England, On Aug. 17, 1866, And Arrived With Her Family In America In 1875. Her First Formal Appearance On The Stage Was In New York In 5887, Although She Had Before That Travelled With A Juvenile Opera ...
Justin Mcarthy
M'carthy, Justin (183o-1912), Irish Politician, His Torian And Novelist, Was Born In Cork On Nov. 22, 1830, And Was Educated There. He Worked On The Staff Of The Northern Daily Times The Morning Star (186o-68), Being Its Editor For Four Years; And The Daily News (1870, Etc.). He Represented Co. ...
Karl Heinrich 1818 1883 Marx
Marx, Karl Heinrich (1818-1883), German Socialist And Philosopher, Arid Head Of The International Working Men's Association (see International) Was Born On May 5, 1818, In Treves (rhenish Prussia). His Father, A Jewish Lawyer, In 1824 Went Over To Christianity, And He And His Whole Family Were Baptized As Protestants. The ...
Karl Mack Von Leiberich
Mack Von Leiberich, Karl, Freiherr 1828), Austrian Soldier, Was Born At Nenslingen, Bavaria, On Aug. 25, 1752. In 1770 He Joined An Austrian Cavalry Regiment, Becoming An Officer Seven Years Later. During The Brief War Of The Bavarian Succession He Served On The Staff Of Count Kinsky, And Subsequently Under ...
Kbd 386 R
K.b.d. 386; R. V. Portobello Barracks C.o. Ex Parte Erskine Childers [1923], I Irish Rep. 5, And R. V. Strickland [1921], 2 Irish Rep. 317). The Whole Subject Of Martial Law—or Rather The Extent To Which Its Enforcement Is Justified--provoked A Blaze Of Excitement In The Year 1919, As The ...
Law Of Marriage
Marriage, Law Of. Marriage May Be Defined Either (a) As The Act, Ceremony, Or Process By Which The Legal Relation Ship Of Husband And Wife Is Constituted; Or (b) As A Physical, Legal, And Moral Union Between Man And Woman In Complete Com Munity Of Life For The Establishment Of ...
Layer Maps
Layer Maps Carl Ritter, In 18°6, Employed Graduated Tints, Decreasing In Depth, From The Lowlands To The Highlands; While Gen. F. Von Hauslab, Director Of The Austrian Surveys, In 1842, Advised That The Darkest Tints Should Be Allotted To The Highlands, So As Not To Obscure Details In The Densely ...
Lilly Or Lylie Lyly
Lyly, Lilly Or Lylie, John (1553?-1606), English Writer, The Famous Author Of Euphues, Was Born In Kent In 1553 Or 1554. At The Age Of 16, According To Wood, He Became A Stu Dent Of Magdalen College, Oxford, Where In Due Time He Proceeded To His Bachelor's And Master's Degrees ...
Lloyds
Lloyds. Average" Clauses Cover Practically Every Fortuitous Accident Which May Occur During Transit, While The "free Of Particular Average" Clauses Cover Total Loss, General Average And Certain Other Liabili Ties, But Do Not Cover Particular Average Unless The Vessel Has Been Stranded, Sunk, On Fire Or In Collision. These Clauses ...
Louis Hubert Gonzalve 934
Lyautey, Louis Hubert Gonzalve '934), French Marshal, Was Born At Nancy (meurthe-et-moselle) On Nov. 17, 1854. Having Passed Through St. Cyr And The Staff College, He First Served As A Cavalry Officer, And Was Then Appointed In 1894 To The Staff Of The Troops In Indo-china, Where He Took Part, ...
Louis Jean Malvy
Malvy, Louis Jean (1875— ), French Radical Politician, Was Born At Figeac On Dec. 1, 1875. In 1906 He Entered The Chamber As A Socialist-radical And Was An Under Secretary In The Monis And Caillaux Cabinets (1911), Minister Of Commerce And Postal Services Under Doumergue (dec. 1913) And Minister Of ...
Ltd Marconis Wireless Telegraph
Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co., Ltd. In 1896 Guglielmo Marconi, Then A Young And Unknown Italian Inventor, Came To England And Took Out The First Patent For Wireless Telegraphy By Means Of Hertzian Waves. On July 20, 1897, The Wireless Telegraph And Signal Co., Ltd., Was Formed To Acquire Marconi's Patents ...
Luigi 1841 1927 Luzzatti
Luzzatti, Luigi (1841-1927), Italian Economist And Financier, Was Born Of Jewish Parents At Venice On March 11, 1841. He Studied Law At Padua, Was Driven Into Exile By The Aus Trian Police For A Short Time, Became Professor Of Constitutional Law At Padua (1867), At Perugia (1894), And Finally At ...
Lutherans
Lutherans, The General Title Given To Those Christians Who Have Adopted The Principles Of Martin Luther In His Opposi Tion To The Roman Church, To The Followers Of Calvin, And To The Sectaries Of The Times Of The Reformation. Their Distinctive Name Is The Evangelical, As Opposed To The Reformed ...
Lutzen
Lutzen, A Town In Prussian Saxony, In The Circle Of Merse Burg (pop. In 1933, 4,977), Chiefly Famous As The Scene Of A Great Battle Fought On Nov. 6-16, 1632, Between The Swedes, Under King Gustavus Adolphus, And The Imperialists, Under Wallen Stein. After Being Foiled In His Prolonged Effort ...
Luxembourg
Luxembourg, Francois Henri De Mont Morency-bouteville, Duke Of (1628-1695), Mar Shal Of France, The Comrade And Successor Of The Great Conde, Was Born At Paris On Jan. 8, 1628. He Was The Son Of The Comte De Montmorency-bouteville, And Was Brought Up By His Aunt, Char Lotte De Montmorency, Princess ...
Luxembourg
Luxembourg, An Independent Grand-duchy Of Europe, Which Consists Mainly Of The Upper Basins Of The Sauer And Its Feeder The Alzette, Draining And Dissecting The South-east Flank Of The Ardennes. A Province Of The Same Name Forms The Ardennes Highland In The Kingdom Of Belgium, And The Two Together, With ...
Luxor
Luxor, More Properly El-aksur, "the Castles" (plur. Of Kasr), A Town Of Upper Egypt, On The East Bank Of The Nile 45omi. Above Cairo By River And 418 By Rail. It Is The Centre For Visitors To The Ruins Of And About Thebes, And Has Several Fine Hotels. There Are ...
Luxury
Luxury. The Word Luxury Is Derived From The Latin Luxus, Which May Be Translated "superfluous Abundance." As Generally Used, It Implies The Notion Of A Relatively Large Consumption Of Wealth For Unessential Pleasures. But There Is No Absolute Defini Tion Of Luxury, For The Conception Is Essentially Relative To Both ...
Luxury Taxes
Luxury Taxes. The Imposition Of Taxes On Articles Which Are Deemed To Be Luxuries May Spring From One Of Two Motives, Or, Frequently, From A Combination Of Both. In The First Place, The Tax May Be Intended To Restrict The Expenditure Of Money In Certain Directions. Here It Forms A ...
Luzern
Luzern (fr. Lucerne), The Capital Of The Swiss Canton Of The Same Name. It Is One Of The Principal Tourist Centres Of Switzerland, Being Situated On The St. Gotthard Railway Line, By Which It Is 59 M. From Basel And 18o M. From Milan. The Nucleus Of The Town Was ...
Lycanthropy
Lycanthropy. This Term. Though By Derivation Strictly Applicable Only To The Taking By Men Of Wolf Forms, Is Applied Generally To The Belief In The Transformation Of Men Into Wolves Or Other Carnivorous Animals, The Forms Taken Being Ordinarily Those Of The Most Formidable Wild Animals Of The Country—bears In ...
Lycaonia
Lycaonia, A Region In The Interior Of Asia Minor, North Of Mt. Taurus, Bounded On The East By Cappadocia, On The North By Galatia, On The West By Phrygia And Pisidia; To The South It Extended To The Chain Of Mt. Taurus, Where It Bordered On The Country Popularly Called ...
Lyceums And Chautauquas
Lyceums And Chautauquas. Early In 1826 Josiah Holbrook, Of Derby, Conn., Outlined A Plan For A World Wide Federation For The Advancement Of Learning, Calling It A Lyceum, From The Place Where Aristotle Lectured To The Youth Of Greece. His Plan Provided For Organizations Graduated From The Community To An ...
Lycia
Lycia, A District In The South-west Of Asia Minor, Occupy Ing The Coast Between Caria And Pamphylia, And Extending Inland As Far As The Ridge Of Mt. Taurus. It Is A Rugged, Mountainous Country, Traversed By Offshoots Of The Taurus Range, Which Ter Minate In Lofty Promontories. The Coast Is ...
Lycurgus
Lycurgus (gr. Avicap-yos), In Greek History, The Reputed Founder Of The Spartan Constitution. Plutarch Opens His Biog Raphy Of Lycurgus With These Words : "about Lycurgus, The Law Giver, It Is Not Possible To Make A Single Statement That Is Not Called In Question. His Genealogy, His Travels, His Death, ...
Lycurgus_2
Lycurgus (c. 396-325 B.c.), Son Of Lycophron, One Of The "ten" Attic Orators. He Shared With Demosthenes And Hypereides The Leadership Of The Opposition To Philip. He Left The Care Of External Relations To His Colleagues, And Devoted Himself To Internal Organization And Finance. He Managed The Finances Of Athens ...
Lydia
Lydia, A District Of Asia Minor, The Boundaries Of Which Are Difficult To Fix, Partly Because They Varied At Different Epochs. The Name Is Found (c. 66o B.c.) Under The Form Of Luddi In The Inscriptions Of The Assyrian King Assur-banipal. In Homer We Read Only Of Maeonians (il. Ii. ...
Lyme Regis
Lyme Regis, Market Town, Municipal Borough, Watering Place, Western Parliamentary Division, Dorsetshire, England, 151 M. S.w. Of London By The Southern Railway. Pop. (1931) 2,62o. It Is Situated At The Mouth Of A Narrow Valley Opening Upon A Fine Precipitous Coast-line, And There Is A Sandy Shore Affording Excellent Bathing. ...
Lymington
Lymington, A Municipal Borough And Seaport In Hamp Shire, England, 98 M. S.w. From London By The S.r. Pop. (1931) 5,157. There Was A Roman Camp Near Lymington But There Is No Evidence That A Town Existed Here Until After The Conquest. Lymington Dates Its Importance From The Grant Of ...
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System. In Anatomy, The Lymphatic Sys Tem Comprises The Lymphoid Or Adenoid Tissue So Plentifully Dis Tributed About The Body, Especially In The Course Of The Alimen Tary Canal (see Connective Tissues), Lymph Spaces, Lymphatic Vessels Of Which The Lacteals Are Modifications, Lymphatic Glands, Haemolymph Glands, And The Thoracic ...
Lynch Law
Lynch Law, A Term Loosely Applied To Various Forms Of Executing Rough Popular Justice, Or What Is Thought To Be Justice, For The Punishment Of Offenders By A Summary Procedure, Ignor Ing, Or Even Contrary To, The Strict Forms Of Law. The Origin Of The Name Is Obscure ; Different ...
Lynchburg
Lynchburg, A City Of Virginia, U.s.a., On The James River, 125m. W. By S. Of Richmond, Within The Boundaries Of Campbell County, But Independent Of It Politically. It Is On Federal Highways 6o And 17o; Has An Airport; And Is Served By The Chesapeake And Ohio, The Norfolk And Western, ...
Lynn
Lynn, City Of Essex County, Massachusetts, U.s.a., On North Shore Of Massachusetts Bay, Pm. N.e. Of Boston. It Is Served By The Boston And Maine And The Boston, Revere Beach And Lynn Railways. The Population (about 25% Foreign-born) Was 102,320 In 1930. The City's Area Of 10.85 Sq.m. Includes 2,5ooac. ...
Lyons
Lyons (french Lyon) (li'onz, Fr. Le-on), A Famous City Of Eastern France, Capital Of The Department Of Rhone, Lying 315 M. S.s.e. Of Paris, And 218 M. N. By W. Of Marseille On The P.l.m. Railway. Pop. (1931) 548,793. Lyons Stands At The Confluence Of The Rhone And The Saone ...
Lyre
Lyre, An Ancient Stringed Musical Instrument. The Recita Tions Of The Greeks Were Accompanied By It. Yet The Lyre Was Not Of Greek Origin ; No Root In The Language Has Been Discovered For Xbpa, Although The Special Names Bestowed Upon Varieties Of The Instrument Are Hellenic. We Have To ...
Lyrical Poetry
Lyrical Poetry, A General Term For All Poetry Which Is, Or Can Be Supposed To Be, Susceptible Of Being Sung To The Accompaniment Of A Musical Instrument. In The Earliest Times It May Be Said That All Poetry Was Of Its Essence Lyrical. The Primaeval Oracles Were Chanted In Verse, ...
Lysander
Lysander (gr. Son Of Aristocritus, Spartan Admiral And Diplomatist. Aelian (var. Hist. Xii. 43) And Phylar Chus (ap. Athen. Vi. 271 E) Say That He Was A Inothax, I.e., The Son Of A Helot Mother (see Helots), But This Tradition Is At Least Doubt Ful; According To Plutarch He Was ...
Lysanias
Lysanias, Tetrarch Of Abilene (see Abila) In The Time Of John The Baptist (luke Iii. I). The Only Lysanias Mentioned In Profane History As Exercising Authority In This District Was Exe Cuted In 36 B.c. By Mark Antony. He Was The Son Of Ptolemy Mennaeus, The Ruler Of An Independent ...
Lysimachus
Lysimachus (c. 355–'81 B.c.), Macedonian General, Son Of Agathocles, Was A Citizen Of Pella In Macedonia. During Alex Ander's Persian Campaigns He Was One Of His Immediate Bodyguard And Distinguished Himself In India. After Alexander's Death He Was Appointed To The Government Of Thrace And The Chersonese. For A Long ...
Maastricht Or Maestricht
Maastricht Or Maestricht, A Frontier Town And The Capital Of The Province Of Limburg, Holland, On The Left Bank Of The Maas At The Influx Of The River Geer, 19 M. By Rail N.n.e. Of Liege In Belgium. Pop. (1926) 48,529. Maastricht Was Originally The Traiectus Superior (upper Ford) Of ...
Mabinogion
Mabinogion (plural Of Welsh Mabinogi, From Mabinog, A Bard's Apprentice), The Title Given To The Collection Of It Welsh Prose Tales (from The 14th-century Red Book Of Hergest) Pub Lished (1838) By Lady Charlotte Guest, Newly Tr'd. By T. P. Ellis And J. Lloyd, The Mabinogion (1929). (see Welsh Literature.) ...
Macabre
Macabre, A Term Applied To A Certain Type Of Artistic Or Literary Composition, Characterized By A Grim And Ghastly Humour, With An Insistence On The Details And Trappings Of Death. Such A Quality, Deliberately Adopted, Is Hardly To Be Found In Ancient Greek And Latin Writers, Though There Are Traces ...
Macaire
Macaire, A French Chanson De Geste. Macaire (12th Cen Tury) And La Reine Sibille (14th Century) Are Two Versions Of The Story Of The False Accusation Brought Against The Queen Of Charle Magne, Called Blanchefleur In Macaire And Sibille In The Later Poem. Macaire Is Only Preserved In The Franco-venetian ...
Macao
Macao, A Portuguese Colony On The Coast Of South China, On The West Side Of The Entrance To The Canton River, Opposite To And Some 35 Miles Distant From Hongkong Island. It Comprises The Peninsula Of Macao And The Small Islands Of Taipa And Coloane : The Area Of The ...
Macaroni
Macaroni, A Preparation Of A Glutinous Wheat Originally Peculiar To Italy, Where It Is An Article Of Food Of National Im Portance (from Dialectic Ital. Maccare, To Bruise Or Crush). The Same Substance In Different Forms Is Also Known As Vermicelli, Pasta Or Italian Pastes, Spaghetti, Taglioni, Fanti, Etc. These ...
Macaronics
Macaronics, Burlesque Poetry, In Which Modern Words With Latin Endings Are Introduced Into Latin Verse, So As To Pro Duce A Ridiculous Effect. Sometimes Greek Is Used Instead Of Latin. The Founder Of The Practice Was Teofilo Folengo (149i- 1544), Whose Mock-heroic Liber Macaronicus Appeared In 1517. Folengo (q.v.) Was ...
Macaroon
Macaroon, A Small Sweet Cake Made Of Egg White, Pul Verized Or Castor Sugar, And Either Almonds Or Coconut. If Nuts Are Used They Are Crushed Or Pounded To A Paste, The Sugar And Paste Worked Together And The Egg White Added Very Gradually Until The Mixture Is Perfectly Smooth ...
Macassar
Macassar, The Chief Port In The Island Of Celebes, Dutch East Indies, And Capital Of The Government Of Celebes And Its De Pendencies. (also Spelt Makassar; Native Mangkasar.) The First Dutch Settlement Here Was In 1607; It Was Known Then As Vlaardingen. In 1618 The Colonists Were Massacred, But In ...
Maccabees
Maccabees, The Name (in The Plural) Of A Distinguished Jewish Family Dominant Iii Jerusalem In The 2nd Century B.c. Ac Cording To I Macc. Ii. 4, The Name Maccabaeus (gr.makicaocios, Heb. 'zi?0 Was Originally The Distinctive Surname Of Judas, Third Son Of The Jewish Priest Mattathias, Who Struck The First ...
Macclesfield
Macclesfield, Market Town, Municipal Borough, Mac Clesfield Parliamentary Division, Cheshire, England, 166 M. N.w. Of London, On The L.m.s. And L.n.e. Railways. Pop. (1931) 34,902. It Stands On The Banks Of The River Bollin In A Deep Gorge With Heights Up To I,000 Ft. On The East. The Bleak Upland ...
Macdonough Thomas
Macdonough Thomas American Sailor, Born In Delaware, His Father Being An Officer Of The Continental Army, Entered The U.s. Navy, 180o. During His Long Service As A Lieutenant He Took Part In The Bombardment Of Tripoli, And On A Subsequent Occasion Showed Great Firmness In Resisting The Seizure Of A ...
Macduff
Macduff, Burgh And Seaport, Banffshire, Scotland, On The Deveron, I M. E. Of Banff And M. N.w. Of Aberdeen By The L.n.e.r. . Pop. (1931) 3,276. The Site Was Formerly Occupied By The Fishing Village Of Doune, But After Its Purchase By The St Earl Of Fife, About 1732, The ...
Mace
Mace, Originally A Weapon Of Offence, Made Of Iron, Steel Or Latten, Capable Of Breaking Through The Strongest Armour. The Mace Was Carried In Battle By Mediaeval Bishops (odo Of Bayeux ' Is Represented On The Bayeux Tapestry As Wielding One) Instead Of The Sword, So As To Conform To ...
Macedonia
Macedonia, A Stretch Of Territory In The Balkan Penin Sula Which Till The Outbreak Of The Balkan Wars Was Included In European Turkey. Since Macedonia Has Never Been A Political Or Administrative Unit In Modern Times It Is Impossible To Assign Precise Boundaries. About Its General Position There Is No ...
Macedonian Army
Macedonian Army. The Army Created By Philip Of Macedon, The Military Instrument Used By His Son Alexander The Great In The Conquest Of The Persian Empire, Though Based On The Old Doric Hoplite Phalanx, Was So Superior To It That The Genius Of The Great Macedonian Cannot Be Appreciated Without ...
Macedonian Empire
Macedonian Empire, The Name Generally Given To The Empire Founded By Alexander The Great Of Macedon In The Coun Tries Now Represented By Greece And European Turkey, Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Persia And Eastwards As Far As Northern India. The Present Article Falls Naturally Into Two Main Divisions—i. The Reign ...