MAPS FOR WAR PURPOSES The Paris Conference concluded on Dec. 18, 1913, but the re port was not published when war broke out early in Aug. 1914. The effect of the war on the scheme was twofold. First, it resulted in the immediate cessation of all work on the map so far as the belligerent countries were concerned; but in the second place it led to a demand for maps on, or about, the one-to-a-million scale. In England and France much official cartography was carried out on the million scale. A large series of maps, the initiative of the general staff, were compiled by the Royal Geographical Society.
This important series comprises 90 maps extending from the Persian gulf to the Arctic ocean, and from the western shores of Ireland to beyond the Caspian sea.
The trench warfare of 1914-18 in France and Belgium created a demand for maps on a larger scale than had hitherto been in general use by great armies, and large-scale maps became indis pensable for the operations of trench warfare, particularly in connection with the use of artillery. Eventually all the maps of
the western front were redrawn from special surveys, the chief scale being 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY.—Modern Maps: A. R. Hinks, Maps and Survey (Cambridge, 1923) ; C. F. Close and H. Winterbotham, Text Book of Topographical Surveying (Stationery Office, London, 1925). A Description of the Large Scale Maps, Ordnance Survey, idem for Small Scales; Col. Berthaut, La Carte de France 1750-1898, Service Geo graphique de l'armee ; Catalogue of Maps published by the Geographi cal Section (British) General Staff (London) ; Carte du Monde au Millionieme, Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Deuxieme Conference Internationale, Service Geographique de Farm& (Paris, i9i4). On the reading of maps, particularly the natural features, see The Inter pretation of Topographic Maps, by R. D. Salisbury and W. W. Atwood, U.S. Geological Survey (Washington, 1908). (C. F. CO