Mammary Gland
Mammary Gland, The Organ By Means Of Which The Young Are Suckled, And The Possession Of Which, In Some Region Of The Trunk, Entitles The Animal Bearing It To A Place In The Order Of Mammalia. In The Male The Organ Is Present But Undeveloped. Anatomy.—in The Human Female The ...
Mammoth
Mammoth. The Name Mammoth Is Supposed To Be Derived From An Old Russian Word Given By Ivory-hunters To An Extinct Elephant, Elephas Primigenius. The Animal Is An Elephant (q.v.) About The Same Size As The Existing Indian Form, Characterized By Possessing A Short, High And Pointed Skull, Which Supports A ...
Mammoth Cave
Mammoth Cave, A Cave In Edmonson County, Central Kentucky, U.s.a., 14' N. Lat. And 86° 12' W. Longitude. It Is A Distinct Part Of An Extensive System Of Caves In The Soluble St. Louis Limestone, Overlain By The Chester (mauch Chunk) Sand Stone Both Of The Mississippian Or Lower Carboniferous ...
Mana
Mana Is A Word Meaning "occult Power" And Occurs In Many Languages Of Oceania. It Is Of Uncertain Origin, Though Probably Introduced By Immigrants From The West. While Having Also A Wider And Vaguer Application, It Stands For The "divine Right" Of The Aristocratic Class To Wield Authority And To ...
Manaos
Manaos, A City And Port Of Brazil, And Capital Of The State Of Amazonas, On The Left Bank Of The Rio Negro, I2m. Above Its Junction With The Solimoes, Or Amazon, And 9o8m. (according To Wappaus) Above The Mouth Of The Latter, In Lat. 3° 8' 4" S., Long. 6o° ...
Manati Or Manatee
Manati Or Manatee, The Name Of The American Repre Sentative Of A Small Group Of Herbivorous Aquatic Mammals, Con Stituting The Order Sirenia (q.v.). Manatis Are Somewhat Whale Like In Shape, With A Similar Horizontally Expanded Tail-fin, But Here The Resemblance To The Cetacea Ceases. The American Manati, Manatus Latirostris, ...
Manbhum
Manbhum, A District Of British India, In The Chota Nagpur Division Of Behar And Orissa. Area, 4,095 Sq.m. ; Pop. (1931), 1,810,890. Manbhum District Forms The First Step Of A Gradual Descent From The Table-land Of Chota Nagpur To The Delta Of Lower Bengal. In The Northern And Eastern Portions ...
Manche
Manche, A Department Of North-western France, Made Up Chiefly Of The Cotentin And The Avranchin Districts Of Normandy, And Bounded West, North And North-east By The English Channel (fr. La Manche), From Which It Derives Its Name, East By The Department Of Calvados, South-east By Orne, South By Mayenne And ...
Manchester
Manchester, The Largest City Of New Hampshire, U.s.a., And One Of The County Seats Of Hillsboro County; On The Merri Mack River At The Mouth Of The Piscataquog, 55 M. N.n.w. Of Boston. It Is On Federal Highway 3, Has A Municipal Airport Of 8o Ac., And Is Served By ...
Manchester
Manchester, City, County Of A City, Municipal County And Parliamentary Borough, Lancashire, England, 189 M. N.w. Of London, And 31 M. E. Of Liverpool. It Stands For The Most Part On A Level Plain, The Rising Ground Being Chiefly On The North Side. The Rivers Are The Irwell, The Medlock, ...
Manchester Ship Canal
Manchester Ship Canal, An Important Artificial Waterway Affording Passage For Ocean-going Vessels Between The Inland City Of Manchester, England, And The Mersey Estuary Open Ing Into The Irish Sea. This Great Undertaking Plays So Important A Part In The Commercial Life Of Lancashire That There Is Some Times Difficulty In ...
Manchu Language
Manchu Language. Manchu Belongs To The Tungus Group Of Languages. The Tungus People Probably Inhabited The Present Manchuria Already In The 3rd Century B.c. The Real Founder Of Manchu Power Was Nurhatsi Who Proclaimed Himself Emperor In 1616 And Established His Capital At Mukden In 1625. Under His Reign The ...
Manchuria Manchoukuo
Manchuria (manchoukuo),* The Name Of The Territory To The North-east Of China Proper Which, At The Time When European Powers Were Beginning To Establish Trading Relations With China, Was The Land Of The Manchus And The Home-country Of The Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911), Then On The Imperial Throne. Although Long Essentially ...
Manchus
Manchus. The Term Manchu, Which Is Recent In Origin, Has A Dynastic Connotation, And Refers To Those People, Linguisti Cally And Culturally, Connected With The Eastern Tungus, Who In The 7th Century Conquered China And Placed Their Chief On The Dragon Throne. Somatologically They Appear To Belong To Two Strains; ...
Mandaeans
Mandaeans, Also Known As Subba ($abians), Nasoraeans, Or St. John's Christians, Are An Ancient Sect Akin To The Gnostic Christians Of The 2nd And 3rd Centuries, Which Still Exists In Lower Mesopotamia, In Such Places As Basra And Kut And Silk-esh Shuyilkh. They Number Now Not More Than About 2,000, ...
Mandalay
Mandalay, Formerly Capital Of Independent Burma, Now Headquarters Of The Mandalay Division And District, As Well As The Chief Town In Upper Burma, Stands On The Irrawaddy, In 21° 59' N. And 96° 8' E. Built In 1856-7 By King Minclon, It Is Now A Municipality. The Area Inside The ...
Mandate
Mandate, A Contract In Roman Law Constituted By One Person (the Mandataries) Promising To Do Something Gratuitously At The Request Of Another (the Mandator), Who Undertakes To In Demnify Him Against Loss. (see Roman Law.) The Essentials And The Terminology Of The Contract Are Preserved In Most Modern Systems; But ...
Mandinga
Mandinga, A Vigorous, Well-proportioned, Longheaded, Big Jowled, Flat-nosed People With Projecting Cheekbones And Regular Features, Inhabiting The Western Sudan, Originally From An Area Known As Mane, Mande, Mani, Mandi Or Manding, In The Upper Niger. The Fulani Call Them Malinke. From 1235 To 168o They Formed An Empire But Are ...
Manes
Manes, The Inhabitants Of The Underworld, Especially The Ghosts Of The Dead. (lat. "good People," An Obvious Euphemism.) In Pure Roman Cult We Hear Nothing Of The Worship Of Individual Dead Persons, And Fear Of Ghosts Does Not Seem To Have Been Prev Alent. But The Collectivity Of The Inhabitants ...
Manganese
Manganese, A Metallic Chemical Element Which Is Of A Slightly Brown Appearance And Has Considerable Hardness. Its Diox Ide (pyrolusite) Has Been Known From Very Early Times, And Was At First Mistaken For A Magnetic Oxide Of Iron. In 2740 J. H. Pott Showed That Pyrolusite Did Not Contain Iron ...
Manganese Steel
Manganese Steel. In Modern Steels Manganese Is Used As A Strengthener And Toughener; Carbon-free Alloys Are Remark Ably Ductile In A Wide Range ; While Cast Manganese Steel Con Taining Over Io% Of Manganese Is The Toughest Material Known. Crucible Or Electric Steels Can Be Properly Deoxidized Without Manganese, Consequently ...
Mangbettu
Mangbettu (monbuttu), A Negroid People Of Central Africa Living To The South Of The Niam-niam In The Welle District Of Belgian Congo. The Mangbettu Were Some Of The Most In Veterate Cannibals In Africa. Physically The Mangbettu Differ From Their Negro Neighbours, Are Not So Black And Are Less Negroid, ...
Mangrove
Mangrove. The Remarkable "mangrove Forests" Which Fringe Tidal Estuaries, Overrun Salt Marshes, And Line Muddy Coasts In The Tropics Of Both Old And New Worlds, Are Composed Of Trees And Shrubs Belonging Mainly To The Family Rhizo Phoraceae, But Including, Especially In The Eastern Mangrove For Mations Of Further India ...
Manichaeism
Manichaeism, The Religion Of Mani Or Manes, Which Spread From Babylonia And During The 4th Century Was Widely Influential In The Empire. Ethical, The Natural And The Spiritual, Did Not Exist For Mani. When He Co-ordinates Good With Light, And Evil With Darkness, This Is No Mere Figure Of Speech, ...
Manicuring
Manicuring Is The Art Of Treating The Nails Of The Hands To Protect And Improve Their Health And To Beautify Them Accord Ing To The Current Standards Of Fashion. In The Days Of Salome And Cleopatra, Women Stained Their Nails With Henna, And This Vogue Persists Among Some Primitive Peoples ...
Manifolds
Manifolds. Two Geometrical Figures Are Said To Be Homeo Morphic If It Is Possible To Set Them Into Point For Point Continu Ous Correspondence With One Another. To Illustrate : A Closed Curve (of The Simple Sort Which Passes Through No Point More Than Once) Is Homeomorphic With The Circumference ...
Manila
Manila, One Of The Two Incorporated Cities Of The Philippine Islands (the Other Being Baguio, Q.v.) And The Capital And Prin Cipal Port Of The Archipelago, Having The Rank Of A Province, Situated On The West Coast Of The Island Of Luzon, On The East Shore Of Manila Bay, At ...
Manila Hemp Or Abaca
Manila Hemp Or Abaca, The Most Valuable Of All Fibres For Cordage, The Produce Of The Leaf-stalks Of Musa Tex Tilis (family Musaceae), A Native Of The Philippine Islands. The Plant, Called Abaci By The Islanders, Throws Up A Spurious Stem From Its Underground Rootstocks, Consisting Of A Cluster Of ...
Maniple
Maniple, A Liturgical Vestment Of The Catholic Church, Proper To All Orders From The Subdeacon Upwards. It Is A Narrow Strip Of Material, Silk Or Half-silk, About A Yard Long, Worn On The Left Fore-arm In Such A Way That The Ends Hang Down To An Equal Length On Either ...
Manipulative Surgery
Manipulative Surgery. The Earliest Practitioners Of "bone-setting"—the Old Name For What Is Now Described As Manipulative Surgery—date Back Into Very Remote Times, And Hippocrates Was The Author Of A Treatise On Dislocations. The History Of The Roman Republic Tells Of Successful Practitioners Of This Ancient Craft. During The Years When ...
Manipur
Manipur, A Native State On The North-east Frontier Of India, In Political Subordination To The Governor Of Assam. Area, 8,62o Square Miles. Pop. 445,606. It Is Bounded On The North By The Naga Country And The Hills Overlooking The Assam Valley, On The West By Cachar District, On The East ...
Manitoba
Manitoba, The Most Easterly Of The Three Prairie Provinces Of Canada, Bounded By Long. 102° W. (approx.) On The West, By Lat. 6o° N. On The North, By Lat. 49° N. On The South And By Long. 95° W. On The South-east. To The North-east It Extends To The Shores ...
Manna
Manna, A Saccharine Exudation Obtained By Making Inci Sions On The Trunk Of The Flowering Or Manna Ash Tree, Fraxinus Ornus. The Manna Ash Is A Small Tree Found In Italy, And Ex Tending To Switzerland, South Tirol, Hungary, Greece, Turkey And Asia Minor. It Also Grows In The Islands ...
Mannheim
Mannheim, A Town Of Germany, In The Land Of Baden, On The Rhine, At Its Confluence With The Neckar, 39 M. By Rail N. Of Karlsruhe, To M. W. Of Heidelberg And 55 M. S. Of Frank Fort-on-main. Pop. (1933), 275,160. The Name Of Mannheim Was Connected With Its Present ...
Manometer
Manometer, An Instrument For Measuring The Pressures Exerted By Gases Or Vapours (gr. Mavin, Thin Or Loose; Airpov, A Measure). A Form Of Pressure Gauge (q.v.). The Manometer Is Simply A U Tube (fig. 1), Contain Ing A Liquid : If The Pressures On The Surfaces Of The Liquid Be ...
Manor
Manor. Any Definition Of A Manor, In Land Tenure, Must Take Note Of Two Elements—economic And Political. The Manor Has An Estate For Its Basis, Although It Need Not Coincide With An Estate, But May Be Wider. It Is Also A Political Unit, A District Formed For Purposes Of Government, ...
Manor House
Manor House, The House Of The Lord Of The Manor, Or Holder Of One Of The Smaller Feudal Fiefs, Distinguished From A Castle By The Fact That It Did Not Possess Developed Towers Or A Keep, And Was Not Designed To Withstand An Extended Siege. Feudal Regulations In Regard To ...
Mans Genealogy
Man's Genealogy Darwin's Views.—although There Is A Complete Agreement Among Professional Students That Man Is A Member Of That Order Of Mammals To Which Linnaeus Gave The Name "primates" And That His Lineage When Traced Backwards, Will Be Found To Branch Off From The Primate Tree, There Is A Sharp ...
Mans Zoological Position
Man's Zoological Position Zoologists Classify Animals Into Families, Sub-families, Genera And Species, According To Their Degrees Of Structural Likeness; They Presume, Although Fully Aware That Parallel Evolution Can And Does Take Place, That Two Animals, Such As The Gorilla And Chimpanzee, Which Are So Similar In The Structural Details Of ...
Mansart
Mansart, Francois (1598-1666), French Architect, Was Born In Paris On Jan. 23, 1598, And Is Said To Be The Descend Ant Of A Long Line Of Architects, At One Time Resident In Italy. He Was The Son Of A Carpenter To The King, And For Some Time Studied Under Germain ...
Mansura
Mansura, The Capital Of The Province Of Dakahlia, Lower Egypt, Near The West Side Of Lake Menzala, And On The Cairo Damietta Railway. It Dates From 1221, And Is Famous As The Scene Of The Battle Of Mansura, Fought On The 8th Of February 1250, Between The Crusaders Commanded By ...
Mantineia Mantinea
Mantineia (mantinea), An Ancient City Of Arcadia, In A Long Narrow Marshy Plain (now Called After The Chief Town Tripolitsa) Bounded On The W. By Mt. Maenalus, On The E. By Mt. Artemision, And Without Opening To The Coast, The Water Per Colating Through Underground Passages (katavothra) To The Sea. ...
Mantis
Mantis, An Insect Belonging To The Family Mantidae Of The Order Orthoptera (q.v.). Probably No Other Insect Has Been The Subject Of So Many And Widespread Legends And Superstitions As The Common Praying Mantis, Mantis Religiose, L. Of Southern Europe. The Ancient Greeks Endowed It With Supernatural Powers (aciiircs, A ...
Mantua
Mantua, Fortified City, Lombardy (ital. Mantova), Italy, Capital Of The Province Of Mantua, See Of A Bishop And Centre Of A Military District, 25 M. South-south-west Of Verona And Roo M. East-south-east Of Milan By Rail. Pop. (1931) It Is 88 Ft. Above The Level Of The Adriatic On An ...
Manufacturers And Producers Methods
Manufacturers' And Producers' Methods The Wholesaling System.—most Products Of Common Use Such As Foods, Clothing, Footwear, House Furnishings, Lumber, Fuel And So On, Are Marketed Through Middlemen. The Manufac Turer Of Men's Clothing Or Of Shoes Usually Sells His Product To Retailers Scattered Over The Country, Who In Turn Sell ...
Manx Language And Literature
Manx Language And Literature. Manx Is The Celtic Speech Of The Isle Of Man (q.v.). The Earliest Ver Nacular Material Is Contained In The Version Of The Book Of Common Prayer Made In 1610 By Bishop Phillips. The Mode Of Spelling Used Was Not That Used In Ireland, But Was ...
Maori
Maori. The Maori Come Of Sea-faring Stock. A Section Of The Great Polynesian Race Which Inhabits The Far-scattered Island Groups Of The Eastern Pacific, They Are The Result Of An Inter-mixture Of Several Distinct Waves Of Canoe-voyagers. The Last Of These Is Now Established As Having Come From Tahiti, With ...
Map Projections
Map Projections In The Construction Of Maps, One Finds The Sphere Cannot Be Opened Out Into A Plane Like The Cone Or Cylinder; Consequently In A Plane Representation Of Configurations On A Sphere It Is Impos Sible To Retain Throughout The Proportions Of Lines Or Areas Or Equality Of Angles, ...
Maple
Maple, The Name Given To Trees Of The Botanical Genus Acer (fam. Aceraceae), Comprising About 150 Species Native Chiefly To North Temperate Regions. Maples Have Opposite, Long Stalked, Mostly Palmately Lobed Leaves. The Flowers Are In Fasci Cles Appearing Before The Leaves, As In The Norway Maple ; Or In ...
Maps For War Purposes
Maps For War Purposes The Paris Conference Concluded On Dec. 18, 1913, But The Re Port Was Not Published When War Broke Out Early In Aug. 1914. The Effect Of The War On The Scheme Was Twofold. First, It Resulted In The Immediate Cessation Of All Work On The Map ...
Maracaibo
Maracaibo, A City And Seaport Of Venezuela And Capital Of The State Of Zulia, Is Situated On The West Shore Of The Broad Channel Which Connects Lake Maracaibo With The Gulf Of Vene Zuela, Or Maracaibo, About 25m. From The Mouth Of The Channel Opening Into The Latter. Pop. (1926), ...
Maracaibo_2
Maracaibo, A Large Lake Of Western Venezuela, Extending Southward From The Gulf Of Venezuela, Into Which It Opens Through A Long Neck, Or Strait, Obstructed At Its Mouth By Islands And Bars. The Lake Is Roughly Quadrangular In Shape, And Extends From The Gth To The 11th Parallel Of S. ...
Maranhao
Maranhao, A Northern State Of Brazil, Bounded N. By The Atlantic, E. And S.e. By Piauhy, S.w. And W. By Goyaz And Para. Having An Area Of 133,640 Sq.m., Its Pop. Est. In Duo Was 1,140,635. The Coastal Zone And The North-west Corner Of The State Belong To The Amazon ...
Marash
Marash, A City In Anatolia Situated East Of The Jihan River At The Foot Of Mt. Taurus : Pop. 5o,000, Of Whom About Half Are Armenians. It Is A Prosperous Town With A Considerable Trade In Kurd Carpets And Embroideries. The American Mission Has A Col Lege Here And The ...
Marathi
Marathi (properly Marathi), The Name Of An Important Indo-aryan Language Spoken In Western And Central India. The Name Is Sometimes Spelt Mahriithi, With An H Before The R, But, According To A Phonetic Law Of The Aryan Languages Of Western India, This Is Incorrect. The Original H In "maharastri," From ...
Marathon
Marathon, A Plain About 5m. Long By 2m. Wide On The East Coast Of Attica 24m. N.e. Of Athens. There Is A Large Marsh At The Northern End From Which Extremity The Kynosura Promon Tory A Mile Long Ending In Cape Marathon Forms An Anchorage Sheltered From The North And ...
Marathon Race
Marathon Race, A Race Run Over A Distance Of 26m. 385yds., Which Still Commemorates The Epic Feat Of Pheidippides In 490 B.c. News Had Reached The Athenians That Darius The Mede Was Crossing The Aegean Sea To Conquer The Greek States. Phei Dippides, An Olympic Champion Runner, Was Despatched To ...
Marazion
Marazion, A Small Seaport Of Cornwall, England, On The Shore Of Mount's Bay, 2 M. E. Of Penzance. Pop. (1921) A Causeway Of Boulders And Pebbles, Thrown Up By The Sea And Passable At Low Tide, Unites Marazion With The Insular St. Michael's Mount (q.v.). The Charter Attributed To Robert, ...
Marblehead
Marblehead, A Town Of Essex County, Massachusetts, U.s.a., On Massachusetts Bay, 16 M. N.e. Of Boston. It Is Served By The Boston And Maine Railroad. The Population Was 8,668 In 193o Federal Census. It Is A Quaint Old Town, Occupying A Rocky Promontory About 4 Sq.m. In Area. Among The ...