MARGARET queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the daughter of Valdemar IV. of Denmark, was born in 1353 and married ten years later to King Haakon VI. of Norway. Her first act, after her father's death (1375), was to procure the election of her infant son Olaf as king of Denmark. Olaf died in 1387, having in 1380 also succeeded his father; and in the following year Margaret, who had ruled both kingdoms in his name, was chosen regent of Norway and Denmark. She now turned to Sweden, where the nobles were in arms against their unpopular king, Albert of Mecklenburg.
At a conference held at Dalaborg castle, in March 1388, the Swedes were compelled to accept all Margaret's conditions, elected her "Sovereign Lady and Ruler," and engaged to accept from her any king she chose to appoint. On Feb. 24, 1389, Albert, who had returned from Mecklenburg with an army of mercenaries, was routed and taken prisoner at Aasle near Falkoping, and Margaret was now the omnipotent mistress of three kingdoms. Stockholm, then almost entirely a German city, still held out ; fear of Margaret induced both the Mecklenburg princes and the Wendish towns to hasten to its assistance; and the Baltic and the North Sea speedily swarmed with the privateers of the Viktu alien brodre or Vitalianer, so called because their professed object was to revictual Stockholm. Finally the Hansa intervened, and by the compact of Lindholm (1395) Albert was released by Margaret on promising to pay 6o,000 marks within three years, the Hansa in the meantime to hold Stockholm in pawn. Albert failing to pay his ransom within the stipulated time, the Hansa surrendered Stockholm to Margaret in September 1398. in ex change for very considerable commercial privileges.
It had been understood that Margaret should, at the first con venient opportunity, provide the three kingdoms with a king who was to be her nearest kinsman, and in 1389 she proclaimed her infant cousin, Eric of Pomerania, king of Norway. In 1396 homage was rendered to him in Denmark and Sweden likewise, Margaret reserving to herself the office of regent during his minority. To weld the united kingdoms still more closely together, Margaret summoned a congress of the three councils of state to Kalmar in June 1397; and on Trinity Sunday, June 17, Eric was crowned king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The pro
posed act of union divided the three Rigsraads, but the actual deed embodying the terms of the union never got beyond the stage of an unratified draft. Margaret revolted at the clauses which insisted that each country should retain its own laws and customs, and be administered by its own dignitaries, as tending to prevent amalgamation, but she avoided every appearance of an open rupture.
A few years after the union of Kalmar, Eric, now in his eigh teenth year, was declared of age and homage was rendered to him in all his three kingdoms, but during her lifetime Margaret was the real ruler of Scandinavia. So long as the union was inse cure, Margaret had tolerated the presence near the throne of "good men" from all three realms (the Rigsraad, or council of state, as these councillors now began to be called) ; but their influence was always insignificant. In every direction the royal authority remained supreme. The offices of high constable and earl marshal were left vacant ; the Danehoffer or national assem blies fell into desuetude, and the great queen, an ideal despot, ruled through her court officials acting as superior clerks. Mar garet also recovered for the Crown all the landed property which had been alienated during the troublous days of Valdemar IV. This so-called "reduktion," or land-recovery, was carried out with the utmost rigour, and hundreds of estates fell to the Crown. Margaret also reformed the Danish currency. In for eign politics she maintained a strict system of neutrality. On the other hand she spared no pains to recover lost Danish terri tory. Gotland she purchased from its actual possessors, Albert of Mecklenburg and the Livonian Order, and the greater part of Schleswig was regained in the same way. Margaret died suddenly on board her ship in Flensborg harbour on Oct. 28, 1412.
See Danmarks riges historie, den senere Middelalder, pp. 358-412 (Copenhagen, 1897-1905) ; Erslev, Danmarks historie under dronning Margrethe (Copenhagen, 1882-1901) ; Hill, Margaret of Denmark (London, 1898). (R. N. B.)