Marble
Marble, A Term Applied To Any Limestone Or Dolomite Which Is Sufficiently Close In Texture To Admit Of Being Polished (from Lat. Marmor, Gr. Papp.apos Shining Stone). Many Other Orna Mental Stones—such As Serpentine, Alabaster And Even Granite— Are Sometimes Loosely Designated Marble, But By Accurate Writers The Term Is ...
Marburg
Marburg, A University Town In The Prussian Province Of Hesse-nassau, Situated On The Right Bank Of The Lahn, 6o M. By Rail N. Of Frankfort-on-main, On The Main Line To Cassel. Pop, (1933) 28,209. Marburg Is First Historically Mentioned In A Docu Ment Of The Beginning Of The 13th Century, ...
Marcantonio Marcantonio Raimondi
Marcantonio [ Marcantonio Raimondi] (c. 1480 C. 153o), The Chief Italian Master Of The Art Of Engraving Of The Renaissance, And The First Who Practised It In Order To Reproduce, Not Designs Of His Own Invention, As Earlier Craftsmen Had Com Monly Done, But Those Of Other Artists Almost Exclusively. ...
Marcasite
Marcasite, A Mineral With The Same Chemical Composi Tion As Pyrite, Being Iron Disulphide But Crystallizing In The Orthorhombic Instead Of In The Cubic System. The Name Is Of Arabic Origin And Was Long Applied To Crystallized Pyrites In Gen Eral. It Was Known To G. Agricola In 1546 As ...
Marceau
Marceau, Francois Severin Desgraviers (1769-1796), French General, Was Born At Chartres On March 1, 1769. He Studied Law, But Joined The Army In 1785. He Joined In The Attack On The Bastille (july 14, 1789), And Then Took His Discharge From The Regular Army. Later He Joined The National Guard, ...
Marcello Malpighi
Malpighi, Marcello Italian Physiolo Gist, Was Born On March Io, 1628, At Crevalcuore Near Bologna, Where He Graduated In Medicine In 1653 And Where He Became Lecturer In 1656. A Few Months Later He Was Appointed To The Chair Of Theoretical Medicine At Pisa, But After Four Years He Returned ...
March
March, The Third Month Of The Modern Calendar, Containing 31 Days. It Was The Romans' First Month Until The Adoption Of The Julian Calendar, 46 B.c., And It Continued To Be The Beginning Of The Legal Year In England Until The 18th Century. In France It Was Reckoned The First ...
Marche Or La Marche
Marche Or La Marche, One Of The Former Provinces Of France. It Owes Its Name To Its Position, It Having Been In The Loth Century A March Or Border District Between The Duchy Of Aquitaine And The Domains Of The Frankish Kings In Central France. Sometimes It Was Called The ...
Marchese Guglielmo 1874 1937 Marconi
Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo (1874-1937), Italian Inventor Who Put Wireless Telegraphy On A Commercial Basis, Was Born At Bologna On April 25, 1874, The Younger Son Of An Italian Father And An Irish Mother. He Was Educated Privately At Bologna, Florence And Leghorn. As A Boy He Took A Keen In ...
Marcion
Marcion And The Marcionite Churches. Among The Christian Organisations Of The Middle Period Of The Second Century The Most Important, Next To Catholicism, Was The Marcionite Community. It Admitted All Believers Without Dis Tinction Of Age, Sex, Rank Or Culture. It Was No Mere School For The Learned, Disclosed No ...
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Roman Emperor And Stoic Philosopher, Was Born In Rome A.d. 121, The Date Of His Birth Being Variously Stated As April 6, 21 And 26. His Original Name Was Marcus Annius Verus. His Father Annius Verus (prefect Of The City And Thrice Consul), Who Came Of Span ...
Marduk
Marduk, A Late Name For The God Of The City Of Babylon, Who Appears Regularly In The Classical Sumerian Liturgies Under The Titles Asar-lu-dug And Enbilulu. The Original Title Is Asaru, Which Occurs In The Old Pantheon At Fara, C. 3200 B.c., And So Far As Known, Long Before The ...
Marengo
Marengo, A Village Of North Italy, On The Road Between Alessandria And Tortona, And E.s.e. Of The Gates Of The Former. It Is Situated On The Fontanone Brook, A Small Affluent Of The Tanaro Which Marks The Western Edge Of The Plain Of Marengo, The Scene Of The Great Victory ...
Margaret
Margaret Queen Of Denmark, Norway And Sweden, The Daughter Of Valdemar Iv. Of Denmark, Was Born In 1353 And Married Ten Years Later To King Haakon Vi. Of Norway. Her First Act, After Her Father's Death (1375), Was To Procure The Election Of Her Infant Son Olaf As King Of ...
Margaret Of Anjou 1430 1482
Margaret Of Anjou (1430-1482), Queen Of England, Daughter Of Rene Of Anjou, Titular King Of Naples And Jerusalem, Was Born On March 23, 143o. She Married Henry Vi. King Of England On April 23, 1445. Her Marriage Had Been Negotiated By William De La Pole, Duke Of Suffolk, And When ...
Margaret_2
Margaret ( Queen Of Scotland, Eldest Daugh Ter Of Henry Vii., King Of England, By His Wife Elizabeth, Daughter Of Edward Iv., Was Born At Westminster On Nov. 29, 1489. She Married James Iv. Of Scotland On Aug. 8, 1503, But The Scanty Dowry Given By Her Avaricious Father Embittered ...
Margarine
Margarine, The Name First Given By Chevreul To An Artificial Substitute For Butter, Made From Beef And Other Animal Fats, And Sometimes Mixed With Real Butter. The Name Of "but Terine" Has Also Been Used. The Word Margarine Was Adopted Because Of The Pearly Lustre Of The Fat, From L. ...
Margarita
Margarita, An Island In The Caribbean Sea Belonging To Venezuela, About 12m. North Of The Peninsula Of Araya, And Con Stituting—with Tortuga, Cubagua And Cache—a Political Division Called The Eastern Federal District Now Known As The State Of Nueva Esparta (from 1904 To 1909). The Island Is About 4om. Long ...
Margate
Margate, A Municipal Borough And Seaside Resort In The Isle Of Thanet, England, 74 M. E. By S. Of London By Rail. Pop. (1931) 31,312. Margate, On The North Coast Of Thanet, Was An Ancient And Senior Non-corporate Member Of Dover. In 1347 It Contributed 15 Ships Of Small Tonnage ...
Marguerite Dangouleme
Marguerite D'angouleme Queen Of Navarre, Was The Daughter Of Charles D'orleans, Count D'an Gouleme And Was Born In Angouleme On April I1, 1492. She Was Two Years Older Than Her Brother Francis I. She Was Betrothed Early To Charles, Duke D'alencon, And Married Him In 1509. She Was Not Very ...
Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa Archduchess Of Austria, Queen Of Hungary And Bohemia, And Wife Of The Holy Roman Emperor Francis I., Was Born At Vienna On May 13, 1717, Eldest Daughter Of The Emperor Charles Vi. (q.v.) And Elizabeth Of Brunswick-wolfenbuttel. On Feb. 12, 1736 She Married Her Cousin Francis Of Lorraine ...
Marie Antoinette 1755 1793
Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), Queen Of France, Ninth Child Of Maria Theresa And The Emperor Francis I., Was Born At Vienna, On Nov. 2, 1755. She Was Brought Up Under An Austere Regime And Educated With A View To The French Marriage Arranged By Maria Theresa, The Abbe Vermond Being Appointed ...
Marie De France
Marie De France (fl. C. 1175-119o), French Poet And Fabulist. In Spite Of Her Own Statement In The Epilogue To Her Fables: "marie "ai Num, Si Suis De France," Generally Interpreted To Mean That Marie Was A Native Of The Ile De France, She Seems To Have Been Of Norman ...
Marie De Medici
Marie De' Medici Queen Consort And Queen Regent Of France, Daughter Of Francis De' Medici, Grand Duke Of Tuscany, And Joanna, An Austrian Archduchess, Was Born In Florence On April 26, 1573. She Married Henry Iv. Of France In October 1600. Her Eldest Son, The Future Louis Xiii., Was Born ...
Marie Felicite Malibran
Malibran, Marie Felicite Operatic Singer, Daughter Of Manoel Garcia (q.v.), Was Born In Paris On March 24, 18°8. Her Father Was Then A Member Of The Company Of The Theatre Des Italiens, And She Accompanied Him To Italy And London. She Possessed A Soprano Voice Of Unusual Beauty And Phenomenal ...
Marie Feodorovna Marie
Marie Feodorovna (marie Sophia Frederika Dagmar) (1847-1928), Empress Of Russia, Second Daughter And Fourth Child Of King Christian Ix. Of Denmark, Was Born Nov. 26, 1847. Originally Betrothed To Nicholas, Eldest Son Of Alexander Ii., Tsar Of Russia, On His Death She Married, On Nov. 9, 1866, The Grand Duke ...
Marie Louise 1791 1847
Marie Louise (1791-1847), Second Wife Of Napoleon I., Was The Daughter Of Francis I., Emperor Of Austria, And Of The Princess Theresa Of Naples, And Was Born On Dec. 12, 1791. It Is Probable, Though Not Quite Certain, That The First Suggestions Of A Marriage Between Napoleon And Marie Louise ...
Marienbad
Marienbad, A Watering-place In North-west Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, Situated On The South-eastern Outskirts Of The Cisafs147 Les At An Altitude Of 2,093 Ft. Amidst Delightful Sur Roundings, Enclosed On All Sides Except The South By Gently Slop Ing Hills Clad With Pine Forests Intersected By Lovely Walks. Although Its Mineral Springs ...
Marietta
Marietta, A City Of South-eastern Ohio, U.s.a., The County Seat Of Washington County; On The Ohio River At The Mouth Of The Muskingum. It Is On Federal Highways 21 And 5o, And Is Served By The Baltimore And Ohio And The Pennsylvania Railways. Pop. 15,14o In 1920 (95% Native White); ...
Marigold
Marigold. This Name Has Been Given To Several Plants, Of Which The Following Are The Best Known : Calendula Officinalis, The Pot-marigold; Tagetes Erecta, The African Marigold; T. Patula, The French Marigold; And Chrysanthemum Segetum, The Corn Marigold. All These Belong To The Family Compositae; But Caltha Palustris, The Marsh ...
Marii Autonomous Area
Marii Autonomous Area, An Administrative Unit Of The Russian S.f.s.r., Created In 192o. Area 23,525 Sq. Kilo Metres. Pop. (1926) 482,519. It Is Surrounded By The Tatar A.s.s.r., The Chuvash A.s.s.r., And The Provinces Of Nizhegorod And Vyatka, And Lies Between 55° 5o' N. And 57° 20' N. And 39' ...
Marine Biological Methods
Marine Biological Methods Every Biological Investigation Of A Marine Region Begins With A Description Of The Species Of Plants And Animals That Occur There. These Organisms Must Be Collected And Identified, And If There Are Any That Are New To Science, Formal Diagnoses Must Be Made And Suitable Names Given ...
Marine Biological Stations
Marine Biological Stations Marine Biological Stations Are Laboratories Situated At Conven Ient Places On The Sea Coast, Where The Water Is Free From Pollu Tion And Where There Are Good Grounds For Collecting Living Marine Plants And Animals. Vessels, Equipped For Trawling, Dredg Ing And Other Biological Work At Sea, ...
Marine Biology
Marine Biology Is Not Merely The Study Of The Kinds Of Living Things That Are Found In The Oceans And Seas; It Is Con Cerned With The Ways In Which The Environment Or Salt Water Of Varying Temperature, Salinity, Depth, Pressure And Other Physical Conditions Affects The Life Histories And ...
Marine Engineering
Marine Engineering. There Are Three Distinct Types Of Marine Engines, And These May Be Grouped As Follows: (i) Steam Engines With Coal Or Oil-fired Boilers; (2) Internal Combustion Engines, Such As The Diesel Or Semi-diesel Engines; And (3) The Above Two Types With Electrical Transmission Of Power Between The Prime ...
Marine Internal Combustion Engines
Marine Internal Combustion Engines One Of The Principal Reasons Which Has Led To The Adoption Of The Internal-combustion Engine For Marine Propulsion Is The Thermal Efficiency Of This Prime Mover. The Thermal Efficiency Of A Diesel Engine Is 40% To 45%, According To Size; Whereas That Of A Reciprocating Steam ...
Marine Steam Generators
Marine Steam Generators Water-tank Boilers.—in This Type Of Marine Steam Genera Tor The Fire Passes Through The Tubes And The Water Circulates Out Side The Tubes. The Principal Boiler Of The Mercantile Marine, And, Till Late Years, Of The Various Navies Of The World, Is The Cylin Drical Scotch Marine ...
Marine Steam Turbines
Marine Steam Turbines The Advantages Of The Marine Steam Turbine Which Have Led To Its More General Adoption During The Past Few Years Are As Follows (a) There Are Fewer Working Parts, As No Slide Valves, Pistons And Connecting Rods Are Required. This Means Also That Fewer Spare Parts Have ...
Marini Or Marino Giambattista
Marini Or Marino Giambattista Italian Poet, Was Born At Naples On Oct. 18, 1569. After A Riotous Youth, During Which He Became Known For His Canzone De' Baci, He Secured The Powerful Patronage Of Cardinal Aldobrandini, Whom He Accompanied From Rome To Ravenna And Turin. An Edition Of His Poems, ...
Marionettes Or Puppets
Marionettes Or Puppets, Jointed Figures Which, By Various Devices. Are Made To Move In Mimicry Of Persons Or Ani Mals—usually For Dramatic Performances. The Closely Related Shadows Are Flat Cutout Figures Which Are Exhibited In Silhouette Against A Lighted Screen. The Following Are Commonly Accepted Methods Of Producing And Operating ...
Mark
Mark, A Word Of Which The Principal Meanings Are In Their Probable Order Of Development-boundary, An Object Set Up To In Dicate A Boundary Or Position ; Hence A Sign Or Token, Impression Or Trace. See Mark System. Mark, In The Monetary Sense, Was Until Recently (see Below) The Name ...
Market
Market. Market In Everyday English Means A Concourse Of Buyers And Sellers—the Distinctive Feature, Not Essential To The "market" Of The Economist's Vocabulary, Being Their Assembly Face To Face. Derivatives Of The Latin Word Mercatus Are Used In All The Languages Of Western Europe In A Sense Practically Indistinguish Able ...
Market Index
Market Index, A Business Indicator Revealing The Activ Ity Of One Or More Industries, Or Of The Actual Or Potential Capacity Of A Given District To Absorb An Article Or Service Offered For Sale. The "business Barometers" Which Indicate Financial, Industrial, And Commercial Conditions May Constitute Market Indexes Reveal Ing ...
Marlborough
Marlborough, A Market Town And Municipal Borough Of Wiltshire, England, 75i M. W. Of London By Rail. Pop. (1931) 3,492. It Is Near Savernake Forest, And In The Valley Of The River Kennet. The Antiquity Of Marlborough Is Shown By The Castle Mound, An Earthwork, Which Local Legend Makes The ...
Marmar Mars Manors
Mars (manors, Marmar, Marspiter Or Maspiter), After Jupiter The Most Important Deity Of The Roman State, And Never So Much Affected By Foreign Influences As To Lose His Essentially Roman And Italian Character. Traces Of His Worship Are Found In All Parts Of Central And Southern Italy, And In Several ...
Marne
Marne, A Department Of North-eastern France, Made Up From Champagne-pouilleuse, Remois, Haute-champagne, Perthois, Tar Denois, Bocage And Brie-pouilleuse, Districts Formerly Belonging To Champagne, And Bounded West By Seine-et-marne And Aisne, North By Aisne And Ardennes, East By Meuse, And South By Haute-marne And Aube. Pop. (1931) 412,156. Area 3,167 Sq. ...
Marocain
Marocain. A Ribbed Or Corded Variety Of Dress Fabric Of Comparatively Light Texture, Constituting One Of Several Varieties Of The Crepe Or Crimped Type, Of Which Crepe Georgette, Crepe-de Chine And Crepe Voile Are The More Typical Examples. Although Fabrics Of This Class Are Usually Woven On The Principle Of ...
Maronites
Maronites, A Christian People Of The Ottoman Empire In Communion With The Papal Church, But Forming A Distinct Denomi Nation. The Original Seat And Present Home Of The Nucleus Of The Maronites Is Mt. Lebanon. It Seems Most Probable That The Lebanon Offered Refuge To Antiochene Monothelites Flying From The ...
Marprelate Controversy
Marprelate Controversy, A War Of Pamphlets Waged In 1588 And 1589 Between A Puritan Writer Who Employed The Pseudonym "martin Marprelate" And Defenders Of The Estab Lished Church. Martin's Tracts Are Characterized By Violent And Personal Invective Against The Anglican Dignitaries, And By A Plain And Homely Style Combined With ...
Marquess Or Marquis
Marquess Or Marquis, A Title And Rank Of Nobility. In The British Peerage It Is The Second In Order And Therefore Next To Duke. In This Sense The Word Was A Reintroduction From Abroad ; But Lords Of The Welsh And Scottish "marches" Are Occasionally Termed Marchiones From An Early ...
Marquetry
Marquetry (fr. Marqueterie, From Marqueter, To Inlay, Literally To Mark, Marquer), An Inlay Of Ornamental Woods, Ivory, Bone, Brass And Other Metals, Tortoise-shell, Mother-of-pearl, Etc., In Which Shaped Pieces Of Different Materials Or Tints Are Combined To Form A Design. It Is A Later Development Of The Ornamental Inlays Of ...
Marquezas Or Mendaa Islands
Marquezas Or Menda&a Islands (fr. Les Mar Quises), An Archipelago Of The Pacific Ocean Lying Between 5o' And 35' S. And 5o' And 5o' W., And Belonging To France. It Extends Over 25o M. From South-east To North-west, And Has A Total Area Of 48o Sq.m. The Southern Or Mendalia ...
Marrakesh
Marrakesh (erroneously Morocco Or Marocco City), Southern Capital And Largest Town Of Morocco. It Lies In A Spacious Plain—blad El Hamra, "the Red"—about 15 M. From The North Ern Underfalls Of The Atlas, And 96 M. E.s.e. Of Saffi, At A Height Of 465 Metres. Ranking During The Early Centuries ...
Marriage
Marriage. Human Beings, Like All Higher Animals, Multiply By The Union Of The Two Sexes. But Neither Conjugation, Nor Even The Production Of Offspring, Is As A Rule Sufficient For The Main Tenance Of The Species. The Further Advanced The Animal In The Order Of Evolution, The Longer The Immaturity ...
Marriage Rate
Marriage-rate. The Marriage-rate Is Generally Ex Pressed In Terms Of The Number Of Persons Married In Any Given Population To Each Thousand Of That Population In A Year. Thus If In A Population Of 1,250,000 There Were I0,000 Marriages In A Year, The Marriage-rate For That Year Would Be 16.o—this ...
Marseilles
Marseilles (fr. Marseille) (mar-s5.1z', Fr. Mar-sa'ye), A City Of Southern France, Chief Seaport Of France And Of The Mediterranean, 219 M. S. By E. Of Lyon And 534 M. S.s.e Of Paris, By The P.l.m. Railway. Pop. (1931) 692,769. It Is Capital Of The Department Of Bouches-du-rhone. Reputation Partly Revived ...
Marsh Gas
Marsh Gas (methane), The First And Simplest Member Of The Paraffin Hydrocarbons, Owes Its Name To The Fact That It Is A Constituent Of The Gas Which Arises In Marshy Districts From The Decomposition Of Vegetable Matter Under The Surface Of Water. It Occurs Also As A Component Of "fire ...
Marshal
Marshal, A Title Given In Various Countries To Certain Mili Tary And Civil Officers, Usually Of High Rank. The Origin And Develop Ment Of The Meaning Of The Designation Is Closely Analogous With That Of Constable (q.v.). Just As The Title Of Constable Is Traceable To The Style And Functions ...
Marsigli
Marsigli [marsiuus], Luigi Ferdinando, Count , Italian Soldier And Scientific Writer, Was Born At Bologna On July I 0, 1658. After A Course Of Scientific Studies In His Native City He Travelled Through Turkey Collecting Data On The Military Organization And Natural History. On His Return He Entered The Service ...
Marsilius Of Padua Marsiglio
Marsilius Of Padua [marsiglio Main Ardino] (1270-1342), Italian Mediaeval Scholar, Was Born At Padua, And Went To Paris About 1311. He Became Rector Of The University (for The First Term Of The Year 1313). With The Philosopher John Of Jandun, He Composed The Famous Defensor Pacis (1324,) One Of The ...
Marsupialia
Marsupialia, A Subclass Of Mammalia (q.v.) In Which (with Some Exceptions) The Young For Some Time After Birth Are Kept In A Pouch (marsupium) Or Bag Of Skin On The Under Side Of The Body Of The Female. Outstanding Examples Of The Group Are The Kangaroos Of Australia And The ...