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I.C.L.E.) which was formed in 1921 with a large capital sub scribed by Italians at home and abroad to finance Italian settle ment in foreign countries. The Japanese Government subsidizes emigration societies and assistance towards migration is also af forded or is in contemplation by the Governments of some of the countries of northern Europe. The grant of assistance, is, how ever, as a rule so circumscribed by conditions imposed by the countries of immigration that its stimulating effect on migration is insufficient to counteract the restrictions in other directions.

Asiatic Immigration.

All the Anglo-Saxon communities overseas have placed restrictions which practically amount to ex clusion upon the immigration of Asiatics. The immigration of Chinese into Australia was restricted by legislation as early as 1855. In the United States Chinese are excluded under the Chi nese Exclusion Act of 1882. Restrictions on Japanese immigra tion are later in date, and in spite of long agitation by California (the State most affected) no special restrictions were placed on Japanese immigration into the United States until the so-called "Gentleman's Agreement" of 1907 which was an understanding between the Governments of the United States and Japan by which the latter voluntarily undertook to adopt and enforce ad ministrative methods designed to check immigration into the United States. Under the Immigration Act, 1924, Japanese are excluded by the provision under which aliens ineligible to become American citizens are not admitted except under existing Treaty stipulations. It was the refusal of the United States Government to regard the "Gentleman's Agreement" as in the nature of a for mal treaty which gave rise to such resentment in Japan.

South Africa, Australia and New Zealand have by various methods provided for the exclusion of Japanese subjects. Canada failed to take similar action but later sought to remedy the omis sion by a Gentleman's Agreement limiting yearly admissions to This Agreement has not worked satisfactorily.

The Japanese, in consequence of these restrictions, have turned their attention to the South American countries, but their success has for various reasons been slight. It was officially announced in

1926 by the Japanese Government that Japan would no longer endeavour to send her emigrants to countries which did not wish to receive them. (See CHINESE IMMIGRATION.) International Regulation.—The practically unrestricted lib erty which characterized the movement of population prior to 1914 made arrangements between nations relating to migration unnecessary, except in the case of Asiatic immigration into certain countries. The problems and difficulties which have arisen since the World War in regard to the movement and distribution of population have transformed migration into an international ques tion. New situations have been created by the artificial restric tions which obstruct the movement of population and migration itself has changed in direction and character. Social legislation has everywhere increased and the welfare of its emigrants is a matter of concern to every nation. The increase in Continental migration and the desire of each country to protect the interests of its emi grants, and sometimes to derive political and economical advan tage from their movement, has given rise to questions regarding the transport, and the social and legal status of migrants, which could only be adjusted by diplomatic arrangements between the countries concerned. Such arrangements arise from a certain coin cidence of interests between nations. Countries with a deficient labour supply and those with available labour are equally con cerned in organizing the movement of population so as to elimi nate possible causes of friction. The co-ordination of these ar rangements is obviously desirable. This function was allotted to the International Labour Office which was established by the Peace Treaty, 192o, and one of whose duties is that of securing equality of economic treatment in any country for all workers legally resident therein.