MAZEPA-KOLEDINSKY, IVAN STEPANOVICH (1644?-1709), hetman of the Cossacks, belonging to a noble Orthodox family, was born possibly at Mazeptsina, either in 1629 or 1644, the latter being the more probable date. He was edu cated at the court of the Polish king, John Casimir, and com pleted his studies abroad. An intrigue with a Polish married lady forced him to fly into the Ukraine. There is a trustworthy tradi tion that the infuriated husband tied the naked youth to the back of a wild horse and sent him forth into the steppe. He was rescued and cared for by the Dnieperian Cossacks, and speedily became one of their ablest leaders. In 1687, during a visit to Moscow, he won the favour of the then all-powerful Vasily Golitsuin, from whom he virtually purchased the hetmanship of the Cossacks (July 25). He took a very active part in the Azov campaigns of Peter the Great and won the entire confidence of the young tsar by his zeal and energy. He was also very service able to Peter at the beginning of the Great Northern War, es pecially in 1705 and 1706, when he took part in the Volhynian campaign and helped to construct the fortress of Pechersk. The power and influence of Mazepa were fully recognized by Peter the Great. No other Cossack hetman had ever been treated with such deference at Moscow. He ranked with the highest digni taries in the state he sat at the tsar's own table.
Mazepa had no temptations to be anything but loyal, and loyal he would doubtless have remained had not Charles XII. crossed the Russian frontier. Then it was that Mazepa, who had had doubts of the issue of the struggle all along, made up his mind that Charles, not Peter, was going to win. But he pro
ceeded cautiously. Indeed, he would have preferred to remain neutral, but he was not strong enough to stand alone. The crisis came when Peter ordered him to co-operate actively with the Russian forces in the Ukraine. At this very time he was in com munication with Charles's first minister, Count Piper, and had agreed to harbour the Swedes in the Ukraine and close it against the Russians (Oct. 1708). The last doubt disappeared when Menshikov was sent to supervise Mazepa. At the approach of his rival the old hetman hastened to the Swedish outposts at Horki, in Severia. Mazepa's treason took Peter completely by surprise. He instantly commanded Menshikov to get a new hetman elected and raze Baturin, Mazepa's chief stronghold in the Ukraine, to the ground. The metropolitan of Kiev solemnly excommunicated Mazepa from the high altar, and his effigy was publicly burnt by the common hangman.
Henceforth Mazepa, perforce, attached himself to Charles. What part he took at the battle of Poltava is not quite clear. After the catastrophe he accompanied Charles to Turkey with some 1,500 horsemen (the miserable remnant of his 8o,000 warriors). The sultan refused to surrender him to the tsar, though Peter offered 300,00o ducats for his head. He died at Bender on Aug. 22, 1709.
See N. I. Kostomarov, Mazepa and the Mazepanites (Russ.) (St. Petersburg, 1885) ; R. Nisbet Bain, The First Romanovs (London, 19o5) ; S. M. Solovev, History of Russia (Russ.), vol. xv. (St. Peters burg, 1895).