Dressings, the finished stones of window and door jambs and quoins. For example, a "brick building with stone dressings" would have brick walls with stone door and window jambs, heads and sills, and perhaps also stone quoins.
Diaper, a square pattern formed on the face of the stonework by means of stones of different colours and varieties or by patterns carved on the surface.
Finial, a finishing ornament applied usually to a gable end. Gablet, small gable-shaped carved panels frequently used in Gothic stonework for apex stones, and in spires, etc.
Gargoyle, a detail, not often met with in modern work, which consists of a waterspout projecting so as to throw the rain-water from the gutters clear of the walls. In early work it was often carved into grotesque shapes of animal and other forms.
Galleting.—The joints of rubble are sometimes enriched by having small pebbles or chips of flint pressed into the mortar whilst green. The joints are then said to be "galleted." Jamb.—Window and door jambs should always be of dressed stone, both on account of the extra strength thus gained and in order to give a finish to the work. The stones are laid alternately as stretchers and headers; the former are called outbands, the latter inbands (fig. 6).
Label Moulding, a projecting course of stone running round an arch. When not very large it is sometimes cut on the vous soirs, but is usually made a separate course of stone. Often, and especially in the case of door openings, a small sinking is worked on the top surface of the moulding to form a gutter which leads to the sides any water that trickles down the face of the wall.
Lacing Stone.—This is placed as a voussoir in brick arches of wide span, and serves to bond or lace several courses together.
Lacing Course, a course of dressed stone, bricks or tiles, run at intervals in a wall of rubble or flint masonry to impart strength and tie the whole together (fig. 6).
Long and Short Work, a typical Saxon method of arranging quoin stones, flat slabs and long narrow vertical stones being placed alternately. Earls Barton church in Northamptonshire is an example of their use in old work. In modern work, long and
short work, also termed "block and start," is little used (fig. 6).
Parapet, a fence wall at the top of a wall at the eaves of the roof. The gutter lies behind, and waterways are formed through the parapet wall for the escape of the rain-water.
Plinth, a projecting base to a wall serving to give an appear ance of stability to the work.
Quoin, the angle at the junction of two walls. Quoins are often executed in dressed stone.
Rag-bolt, the end of an iron bolt when required to be let into stone is roughed or ragged. A dovetailed mortise is prepared in the stone and the ragged end of the bolt placed in this, and the mortise filled in with molten lead or sand and sulphur (fig. 8).
Sill, the stone which forms a finish to the wall at the bottom of an opening. Sills should always be weathered, slightly in the case of door sills, more sharply for windows, and throated on the underside to throw off the wet. The weathering is not carried through the whole length of the sill, but a stool is left on at each end to form a square end for building in (fig. 6).
String Courses (q.v.) are horizontal bands of stone, either pro jecting beyond or flush with the face of the wall.
Scontions are the dressed stones forming the inside angles of the jamb of a window or door opening.
Spa//s, small pieces chipped off whilst working a stone.
Templates, slabs of hard stone set in a wall to take the ends of a beam or girder so as to distribute the load over a larger area of the wall.
Throat, a groove worked on the underside of projecting ex ternal members to intercept rain-water and cause it to drop off the member clear of the work beneath (fig. 7).
Weathering.—The surface of an exposed stone is weathered when it is worked to a slope so as to throw off the water. Cor nices, copings, sills and string courses should all be so weathered.
Methods of Finishing Face of Stones.—The self face or quarry face is the natural surface formed when the stone is detached from the mass in the quarry or when a stone is split.