Saw-face, the surface formed by sawing.
Hammer-dressed, Rock-faced or Pitch-faced.—This face is used for ashlar-work, usually with a chisel-draughted margin around each block. It gives a very massive and solid appearance, and is, therefore, the cheapest face to adopt for ashlar-work (fig. 6).
Broached and Pointed Work.—This face is also generally used with a chisel-draughted margin. The stone as left from the scabbling hammer at the quarry has its rocky face worked down to an approximate level by the point. In broached work the grooves made by the tool are continuous, often running obliquely across the face of the block. In pointed work the lines are not continuous; the surface is rough or fine pointed according as the point is used over every inch or half-inch of the stone. The point is used more upon hard stones than soft ones (fig. 6).
Tooth-chiselled Work.—The cheapest method of dressing soft stones is by the toothed chisel which gives a surface very much like the pointed work of hard stones.
Droved W ork.—This surface is obtained with a chisel about two and a half inches wide, no attempt being made to keep the cuts in continuous lines.
Tooled Work is somewhat similar to droved work and is done with a flat chisel, the edge of which is about four inches wide, care being taken to make the cuts in continuous lines across the width of the stone.
Combed or Dragged W ork.—For soft stones the steel comb or drag is often employed to remove all irregularities from the face and thus form a fine surface. These tools are specially use ful for moulded work, as they are formed to fit a variety of curves.
Rubbed Work.—For this finish the surface of the stone is previously brought with the chisel to a level and approximately smooth face, and then the surface is rubbed until it is quite smooth with a piece of gritstone aided by fine sand and water as a lubricant. Marbles are polished by being rubbed with gritstone, then with pumice, and lastly with emery powder.
Besides these, the most usual methods of finishing the faces of stonework,' there are several kinds of surface formed with harn mers or axes of various descriptions.
The toothed axe has its edges divided into teeth, fine or coarse, according to the work to be done. It is used to reduce the face of limestones and sandstones to a condition ready for the chisel. The bush hammer has a heavy square-shaped double-faced head, upon which are cut projecting pyramidal points. It is used to form a surface full of little holes, and with it the face of sand and limestones may be brought to a somewhat ornamental finish. The patent hammer is used on granite and other hard rocks, which have been first dressed to a medium surface with the point. The fineness of the result is determined by the number of blades in the hammer, and the work is said to be "six-," "eight-," or "ten cut" work according to the number of blades inserted or bolted in the hammer head. The crandall has an iron handle slotted at one end with a hole din. wide and Sin. long. In this slot are fixed by a key ten or i i double-headed points of sin. square steel about 9in. long. It is used for finishing sandstone and soft stones after the surface has been levelled down with the axe or chisel. It gives a fine pebbly sparkling appearance.
Vermiculated Work.—This is formed by carving a number of curling worm-like lines over the face of the block, sinking in be tween the worms to a depth of a fourth of an inch. The surface of the strings is worked smooth, and the sinkings are pock-marked with a pointed tool.
Furrowed Work.—In this face the stone is cut with a chisel into a number of small parallel grooves or furrows (fig. 6).
Reticulated Face is a finish somewhat similar to vermiculated work, but the divisions are more nearly square.
Face Joints of Ashlar.—The face joints of ashlar stonework are often sunk or rebated to form what are termed rusticated joints; sometimes the angles of each block are moulded or cham fered to give relief to the surface or to show a massive effect.