A harbour is being built at Tangier, on the Mediterranean coast ; to the ancient ports of Ceuta, Melilla and the Zaffarines the Spaniards have recently added that of Villa-Sanjurjo in the Bay of Alhucemas. On the Atlantic coast, the harbour of Larache, at the mouth of the Lukkos, has been improved. At Casablanca a new embankment 2,000 metres long, has been built in water 12 metres deep, to shelter the deep-water basins in which ships can unload at the quays ; there are special installations for phos phates; Casablanca has 8o% of the trade of the French zone (1,824,000 tons). Less important alterations have been, or are being, made at the other ports, which are, from north to south: Mehediya and Kenitra, ports of the Sbu, one at the mouth, the other on the river; Rabat, at the mouth of the Bu-Regrag; Fdla, a little fishing port ; Mazagan, Safi and Mogador, which share the export trade of south Morocco and the trade of Marrakesh, and Agadir, the port of the Sus.
The external trade of the French zone of Morocco, which was 95 millions of francs in 1910, 222 millions in 1913, 1,269 millions in 1921, had risen to 2,644 millions in 1927 (imports 1,793 mil lions, exports 851 millions), representing 2,302,000 tons of mer chandise. The difference between the amount of imports and exports arises from the fact that Morocco imports its tools and has not yet fully developed its production, and this difference tends to decrease. The chief imports are sugar (278 millions), cotton goods (210 millions), tea (92 millions), fluid fuels (84 millions), postal packages (8o millions), machinery of various kinds (8o millions), motor-cars (7o millions), iron and steel goods (50 millions), coal (42 millions). The chief exports are phos phates (161 millions), cereals, wheat and barley (175 millions), eggs (82 millions), skins (76 millions), wool (7o millions), almonds (49 millions), linseed (22 millions), sheep (2o millions), cattle (16 millions). France is responsible for 1,562 millions of the trade of Morocco (imports 1,124 millions, exports 438 mil lions). Great Britain has 268 millions (imports 194 millions, ex ports 74 millions), Spain has 169 millions (imports 22 millions, exports 147 millions) and the United States 115 millions (im ports loo millions, exports 15 millions). Trade in the Spanish zone reaches III millions of pesetas (imports 94, exports the share of Spain being, imports 52 millions and exports 15 millions. The trade of the zone of Tangier realized 175 millions of francs (imports 146, exports 29), the share of France being -87 millions.
Lambert Playfair and R. Brown, Bibliography of Morocco (London, 1892) ; Augustin Bernard, Le Maroc (6th ed., Paris, 1922) ; P. Ricard, Le Maroc, Guide bleu (Paris, 1925) (English translation) ; J. Hardy et Celerier, Les grandes lignes de la geographic
die Maroc (Paris, 1922). Periodicals: Archives Marocaines, L'Afrique francaise, Hesperis, Bulletin de la Societe de geographic du Maroc, Annuaire de statistique generale du Maroc. Maps of Morocco, scale I-I,000,000 and I-2,000,000, issued by the French army geographical service. (A. BE.) Defence.—Morocco cannot be said to possess an army in the modern sense of the term, but the tribesmen are seldom lacking in arms and ammunition, and the physical features of the country, with its difficulties of communication, favour their resistance to invaders of their territory. Constant wars, offensive and de fensive, have been waged against Spanish possessions on the coast (see SPAIN : Army), and also, offensive and defensive, against the French, at first in Algeria (1844) and of late in Morocco. An approach to a regular army was formed by certain heredi tary troops provided by the Maghzen tribes, the Bol chara (blade), Udaia (mulatto), the Ashragah and Ashrardah (white), the Gaish, Malchhaznia (mixed), all these being horse men. The infantry (Askaria) were for the most part rough levies. The old army has now dwindled down to a Sultan's body-guard.
Since the latest Riff war, the French Resident General has controlled the military forces in the French zone, which consist of French and French colonial troops, reinforced by various native levies. Provision was made in 1927 for an army of 85,525, including 2,82o officers in Morocco. The Tangier zone is de militarized. Pending the establishment of a proposed gendarmerie, order is maintained by a force of 78o native tabors, under French and Spanish control. The forces in the Spanish zone are similar to the French. Details are given under SPAIN : Colonial Forces.
Numerous archaeological remains, in particular a series of re markable megalithic structures, prove the high antiquity of human occupation in Morocco. But the earliest historical records relat ing to this region are those of Hanno's Periplus, which mentions that Carthaginian colonies were planted along the coast. In the last century B.C. Moroccan Berbers are found supplying troops to Pompey or Sertorius, and later, under Augustus, they became in corporated in the Roman province of Mauretania (q.v., and also AFRICA, ROMAN). But the Roman province reached only to the Bu Ragrag, on which Sala, now Salli, was its outpost ; Volubilis, near Mequinez, of which impressive remains are still visible, being its principal, if not its only, inland city. In the fifth century A.D. the country became subject to the Vandals and its fortunes form part of the general history of North Africa.