MURAD I., surnamed Khudavendighiar Otto man sultan, was the son of Orkhan and the Greek princess Nilofer, and succeeded his father in 1359. He was the first Turkish monarch to obtain a definite footing in Europe and his main ob ject throughout his career was to extend the European dominions of Turkey. The revolts of the prince of Caramania interfered with this plan, and the trouble continued until the decisive battle of Konia (1387), when the power of the prince was broken. The state of Europe facilitated Murad's projects; the feudal system was at its last gasp, and the Balkan states were divided by jealousies. The capture of Adrianople and other conquests led to a coalition under Hungary against Murad, but his able lieutenant Lalashahin, the first beylerbey of Rumelia defeated the allies at the battle of Maritsa in 1363. In 1366 the king of Servia was defeated at Sama kov and forced to pay tribute. Kustendil, Philippopolis and Nish fell into the hands of the Turks; a renewal of the war in 1381 led to the capture of Sofia two years later. Europe was now aroused;
Lazar, king of Servia, formed an alliance with the Albanians, the Hungarians and the Moldavians against the Turks.
Murad hastened Lack to Europe and met his enemies on the field of Kossovo (1389). Victory finally inclined to the side of the Turks. When it was complete, a Servian named Milosh Kabilovich penetrated to Murad's tent on pretence of communi cating a secret and stabbed the conqueror. Murad was of inde pendent character and remarkable intelligence. He was fond of pleasure and luxury, cruel and cunning. Long relegated to the command of a distant province in Asia, while his brother Suleiman occupied an enviable post in Europe, he became revengeful; thus he exercised great cruelty in the repression of the rebellion of his son Prince Sauji, the first instance of a sultan's son taking arms against his father. Murad transferred the Ottoman capital from Brusa to Adrianople. The feudal system of timars and ziamets and its extension to Europe were largely his work.