MILYUKOV, PAUL NIKOLAYEVICH ), Russian politician and historian, was born near St. Petersburg (Leningrad) on Jan. 27, 1859. He studied history and humanities at the University of Moscow, and received the degree of master in history for a learned work on the State Economics of Russia in the First Quarter of the 18th Century. His liberal opinions brought him into conflict with the educational authorities, and he was dismissed in 1895 after one of the ever-recurrent university "riots." After the meetings of the zemstvos in 1905 he became the political editor of the Retch, and helped to found the constitu tional democratic party (Kadets). Milyukov became the leader of that party, although he was not elected a member of the first or the second Duma. When the tsar dissolved the first Duma he helped to draft the "Viborg manifesto," in which members of the Duma declared themselves ready to follow the people in resisting arbitrary rule. Milyukov did not sign, however, as he was not a member of the Duma, and escaped the persecution which accompanied the Stolypin reaction. He was elected to the third
and the fourth Duma, and was a leader of the opposition.
When the World War broke out he stood for a national union and for co-operation with the Entente, but the maladministration of the War Office drove him into an attitude of increasing hostility. Milyukov took office in Prince Lvov's provisional Government as minister of foreign affairs. When the Bolsheviks seized power he escaped to Kiev, then occupied by the Germans, and gave up the cause of the Allies as lost. After the Armistice Milyukov went to London and subsequently to Paris, where in 1921 he directed a journal (Last News) in which he advocated an alliance with patriotic Socialists.
His works include a History of the Second Russian Revolution (3 vols., 1921-23) and Russia's Catastrophe (2 vols., 1927).