OLIVEIRA MARTINS, JOAQUIM PEDRO DE (1845-1894), Portuguese writer, was born in Lisbon, and in 187o was appointed manager of the aline of St. Eufemia near Cordova. In Spain he wrote 0 Socialismo, and developed that sympathy for the industrial classes of which he gave proof throughout his life. Returning to Portugal in 1874, he became administrator of the railway from Oporto to Povoa, residing in Oporto. He entered parliament in 1886, became minister of finance on Jan. 17, 1892, and later vice-president of the Junta do Credito Publico. He died on Aug. 24, 1894. A psychologist, a profound sociologist, a stern moralist and an ardent patriot, Oliveira Martins deserved his European reputation. His Bibliotheca das sciencias sociaes, a ver itable encyclopaedia, comprises literary criticism, socialism, eco nomics, anthropology, histories of Iberian civilization, of the Roman Republic, Portugal and Brazil. Towards the end of his life he specialized in the 15th century and produced two notable volumes, Os fithos de D. Jodo 1. (1891) and A vida de Nun' Al
vares (1893), leaving unfinished 0 principe perfeito (1896), a study on King John II., which was edited by his friend Henrique de Barros Gomes. The chief characteristics of the man—psycho logical imagination combined with realism and a gentle irony— make his strength as a historian and his charm as a writer. He drew admirable portraits ; in his Historia de Portugal and Portugal Contemporanco (1881) those of King Pedro I. and Herculano are among the best known.
See Moniz Barreto, Oliveira Martins, estudo de psychologia (Paris, 1887), a remarkable study ; F. Diniz D'Ayalla, Os Ideaes de Oliveira Martins (1897), which contains an admirable statement of his ideas, philosophical and otherwise; Anthero de Quental, Oliveira Martins (1894) and Diccionario bibliographico portuguez, xii. 125.