Cretaceous And Tertiary Plants
Cretaceous And Tertiary Plants Of The Arctic Regions Our Knowledge Of Arctic Plants Comes, In The First Instance, From The Studies Made By Heer Between 1868 And 1883. He Rec Ognized Two Periods For Flowering Plants. The Older Is Referred To The Cretaceous. The Newer, By Him Called Miocene, Is ...
Cretaceous And Tertiary Plants
Cretaceous And Tertiary Plants Of Europe The Plant Deposits Of Europe, Though Numerous, Are Usually Of Limited Extent And Confined To Small Areas. When Intercalated With Marine Beds The Geological Age May Be Clear ; But Frequently This Does Not Happen, And Then The Age Is Doubtful, Unless The De ...
Cultivated Pearl
Pearl, Cultivated. "cultured" Pearls Are "natural" Only As Regards An Outer Skin Averaging In Thickness About Three Tenths To Four-tenths Of A Millimetre. Examination Of A Section Of A "natural" Pearl Shows, Generally, A Nucleus Surrounded By A Series Of Concentric Layers Of Pearly Nacreous Matter. The Con Centric Layers ...
Denis Papin
Papin, Denis (1647–c. 1712), French Physicist, One Of The Inventors Of The Steam-engine, Was Born At Blois On Aug. 22, Papin Acted As Assistant To Huygens (q.v.) In His Experiments With The Air Pump. Later He Came To London And Assisted Boyle. He Introduced A Number Of Improvements In The ...
Diseases Of The Pancreas
Pancreas, Diseases Of The. In Sclerosis, Atrophy, Acute And Chronic Inflammatory Changes And New Growths In The Pancreas An Absence Or Lessening Of Pancreatic Secretion May Be Evident. Haemorrhage Into The Pancreas Is Of Some Medico-legal Importance As Being A Cause Of Death. Acute Haemorrhagic Pancre Atitis Is A Combination ...
Diseases Of The Pericardium
Pericardium, Diseases Of The. (for Anatomy, See Coelom And Serous Membranes.) The Serous Sac In Which The Heart Is Contained May Be The Seat Of Inflammation (peri Carditis) Along With The Cardiac Valves And Heart Muscle In The Course Of Acute Rheumatism Or Other Acute Diseases. The Normal Shiny Appearance ...
Don Or David Pacifico
Pacifico, Don Or David Pacifico A Portuguese Jew Born A British Subject In Gibraltar Who Brought An Action Against The Hellenic Government Claiming £26,000 Compensation For His House In Athens Burnt Down In 1847 In An Anti-semitic Riot. Pacifico Finally Received Compensation. Pacific Ocean, The Largest Division Of The Hydrosphere, ...
Earls Of Pembroke
Pembroke, Earls Of. The Title Of Earl Of Pembroke Has Been Held Successively By Several English Families, The Juris Diction And Dignity Of A Palatine Earldom Being Originally Attached To It. The First Creation Dates From 1138, When The Earldom Of Pembroke Was Conferred By King Stephen On Gilbert De ...
Early Greek Philosophy
Early Greek Philosophy Ionian Philosophers.-a Group Of Ionian Thinkers First Raised The Question As To The Nature Of The Substance Of Which All Things Are Composed, From Which They Originate, And Into Which They Are Dissolved Again. Moreover They And Answered This Question In A Non-mythological, Impersonal Manner. They Considered ...
Economic Life And Culture
Economic Life And Culture Economic Conditions.—phrygia Was At All Times An Agricul Tural And, Still More, A Pastoral Land. The Only Industrial Products Of Greater Importance Were The Marble Of Docimium, Which Was Exported In Large Quantities To Rome Under The Empire, And The Dark-coloured Woollens Of Laodiceia And Colossae ...
Edward Charles Pickering
Pickering, Edward Charles American Physicist And Astronomer, Was Born In Boston On July 19, 1846. He Was Graduated In 1865 In The Lawrence Scientific School Of Harvard, Where For The Next Two Years He Was A Teacher Of Mathematics. Subsequently He Became Professor Of Physics At The Massachusetts Institute Of ...
Edward Henry Palmer
Palmer, Edward Henry (184o-1882), English Orientalist, The Son Of A Private Schoolmaster, Was Born At Cam Bridge, On Aug. 7, 1840. He Was Educated At The Perse School, And, After A Short Period As A Clerk In London, He Returned To Cam Bridge. He Entered St. John's College In 1863, ...
Edward Phillips
Phillips, Edward (163o-?1696), English Author, Son Of Edward Phillips Of The Crown Office In Chancery, And His Wife Anne, Only Sister Of John Milton, The Poet, Was Born In Aug. 1630 In The Strand, London. His Father Died In 1631, And Anne Phillips Eventually Married Her Husband's Successor In The ...
Emilia 1851 1921 Pardo Bazan
Pardo Bazan, Emilia (1851-1921), Spanish Author, Was Born At Corunna. Her First Novel, Pascual Lopez (1879), Was A Simple Exercise In Fantasy Of No Remarkable Promise; It Was Followed By A More Striking Story, Un Viaje De Novios (1880, In Which A Discreet Attempt Was Made To Introduce Into Spain ...
Emmeline 1858 1928 Pankhurst
Pankhurst, Emmeline (1858-1928), British Suffra Gist, The Daughter Of Robert Goulden, A Calico-printer Of Man Chester, Was Born July 14, 1858. From 1873 To 1877 She Was Educated At The Ecole Normale In Paris, Where She Came Under The Influence Of A Daughter Of Henri Rochefort. In 1879 She Mar ...
English Patents
English Patents Formerly The Reigning Prince Considered Himself Entitled, As Part Of His Prerogative, To Grant Privileges Of The Nature Of Monopolies To Any One Who Had Gained His Favour. These Grants Became So Numerous That They Were Oppressive And Unjust To Various Classes Of The Commonwealth; And Hence, In ...
Epistle To Philemon
Philemon, Epistle To, A New Testament Book. A Short Personal Note By The Apostle Paul Has Been Preserved, Which Owes Its Origin To A Romantic Episode In The Life Of A Slave, Called Onesimus. For Some Reason He Had Run Away From His Master Philemon, A Prosperous Christian Citizen; It ...
Epistle To The Philippians
Philippians, Epistle To The, A Book Of The New Testament. Though Philippi Was The First Place In Europe Where St. Paul Preached The Gospel, The Letter To The Local Church Was One Of The Last He Wrote. Ever Since He Founded The Church, He Kept In Touch With It (iv. ...
Expansion Of Foreign Operations
Expansion Of Foreign Operations By American Companies Notwithstanding The Fact That The United States Of America Has Produced Nearly 64% Of All Petroleum Produced Throughout The World Since Commercial Production Began, It Has Declined In Its Percentage Of The Total World Production. In 1916 The United States Produced 65.8% Of ...
Fernao Mendes Pinto
Pinto, Fernao Mendes Portuguese Ad Venturer, Was Born At Montemor-o-velho, Of Poor Parents, And Entered The Service Of A Noble Lady In Lisbon. He Embarked For India In 1537 In A Fleet Commanded By The Son Of Vasco Da Gama, And For 21 Years Travelled, Fought And Traded In China, ...
First Epistle Of Peter
Peter, First Epistle Of. The Epistle Is Addressed To The Elect Who Are Sojourners Of The Dispersion (diaspora) In Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia And Bithynia. The Term "dis Persion" Suggests Scattered Jews, But References In The Epistle To Their Previous Benighted State (i. 14, Ii. 9-10, Iv. 3) Seem Rather ...
Fisheries
Fisheries The Important Fisheries Of The World Are Found For The Most Part Within The North Temperate Zone, Chiefly Between The 4oth And Both Parallels Of North Latitude. In This Region Conditions Are Especially Favourable To Fish Life, Including Large Continental Shelves With Relatively Shallow Water And Extensive Coastal In ...
Forests
Forests The World Production And Consumption Of Wood Amounts To Approximately 56,000,000,000 Cu.ft., Which Is An Average Of 32 Cu.ft. Per Caput. About 26,000,000,00o Ft. Is Saw-timber, And 30, 000,000,000 Ft. Is Firewood. ...
Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel
Patel, Framjee Nasarwanjee Parsee Merchant And Philanthropist, Was Born In 1804, And Re Ceived A Vernacular Education, With A Little English In Bombay. In 1819 He Entered Upon A Business Career, And In 1827 Became A Partner In The Firm Of Frith, Bomanjee & Co. Banking Facil Ities Being Then ...
Francesco Balducci Pegolotti
Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci (fl. Florentine Merchant And Writer, Was A Factor In The Service Of The Mercantile House Of The Bardi, And In This Capacity He Was At Antwerp From 1315 (or Earlier) To 1317; In London In 1317 And Apparently For Some Time After; In Cyprus From 1324 To ...
Francis 1823 1893 Parkman
Parkman, Francis (1823-1893), American Historian, Was Born In Boston On Sept. 16, 1823. He Was The Son Of Francis Parkman, A Graduate Of Harvard In 1807. Francis Parkman Was The Eldest Of Six Children. As A Boy His Health Was Delicate, So That It Was Thought Best For Him To ...
Francis Place
Place, Francis Radical Reformer, Was Born On Nov. 3, 1771, And Later Apprenticed To A Leather-breeches Maker. He Suffered Great Hardships Owing To The Decline Of This Trade, And In 1793 Organized An Unsuccessful Strike Of London Breeches-makers. He Acted As Secretary To Other Trade Clubs And From 1794-97 Was ...
Francis Turner Palgrave
Palgrave, Francis Turner ( , English Critic And Poet, Eldest Son Of Sir Francis Palgrave (q.v.), Was Born At Great Yarmouth, On Sept. 28, 1824. He Was Educated At Charterhouse, And At Balliol College, Oxford. In 1846 He Inter Rupted His University Career To Serve As Assistant Private Secretary To ...
Francisco Pizarro
Pizarro, Francisco (c. 1471 Or 1475-1541), Dis Coverer And Conqueror Of Peru, Was Born At Trujillo In Estre Madura, Spain, About 1471 (or He Was An Illegitimate Son Of Gonzalo Pizarro. Of Pizarro's Early Years Hardly Anything Is Known ; But He Appears To Have Been Poorly Cared For, And ...
Franklin 1804 1869 Pierce
Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869), Fourteenth President Of The United States, Was Born At Hillsboro, New Hampshire, Nov. 23, 1804. His Father, Benjamin Pierce Served In The American Army Throughout The Revolutionary War, Was A Democratic Member Of The New Hampshire House Of Representa Tives From 1789 To 18o1, And Was Governor ...
Frantisek Francis Palacky
Palacky, Frantisek [francis] Czech Historian And Politician, Was Born On June 14, 1798, At Hodslavice (hotzendorf) In Moravia, Of A Protestant Family. After Some Years Spent In Private Teaching Palac147 Settled In 1823 At Prague. Here He Found A Warm Friend In Dobrovsky, Whose Good Relations With The Austrian Authorities ...
Frederik 809 1876 Paludan Muller
Paludan-muller, Frederik ( 809-1876) , Da Nish Poet, Was The Third Son Of Jens Paludan-willer, From 183o To 1845 Bishop Of Aarhus, And Born At Kjerteminde In Fiinen, On Feb. 7, 1809. In 1819 His Father Was Transferred To Odense, And Frederik Began To Attend The Latin School There. In ...
From Descartes To Leibniz
From Descartes To Leibniz Descartes Like Bacon And Others Before Him, Was Dissatisfied With The State Of Knowledge In His Time. Mathematics Was The Only Study That Seemed To Be Well Founded. And He Thought That The Difference Was Due To A Difference In Method. Other Studies Then Followed The ...
From Kant To Hegel
From Kant To Hegel Kant ( 1724-1804) Is The Founder Of The "critical" Philosophy Or Of "transcendentalism." The Stress Which Descartes Had Laid On Thought, Or Subjective Experience, In Basing His Whole System On The Cogito Ergo Sum, Quite Naturally Resulted In A Divorce Be- ' Tween Ideas, On The ...
From Locke To Htjme
From Locke To Htjme Locke (1632-1704) Has The Distinction Of Having Given A De Cidedly Epistemological Turn To Modern Philosophy. He Relates That Five Or Six Friends Used To Discuss Philosophical Or Theological Problems With Him, But Fruitlessly. So It Occurred To Him "that Before We Set Ourselves Upon Inquiries ...
Gaston Bruno Paulin Gaston
Paris, Gaston [bruno Paulin Gaston] French Scholar, Son Of Alexis Paulin Paris, Was Born At Avenay (marne) On Aug. 9, 1839. An Early Impulse To The Study Of Ro Mance Literature Was Developed By Courses Of Study At Bonn (1856-57) Under Friedrich Diez, At Gottingen (1857-58) And Finally At The ...
Geological Palaeontology
Geological Palaeontology The Geological Use Of Fossils As Time-markers Rests Primarily On A Basis Of Observation Of The Actual Occurrence Of The Remains Of The Species Of Animals In The Rocks. Very Extensive Collections Have Shown, For Example, That Individuals Of The Genus Productus Are Never Found Except In Rocks ...
George Edward Pickett
Pickett, George Edward American Confederate Soldier, Born At Richmond, Va., Jan. 25, 1825. Upon Graduation At West Point In 1846 He Was Assigned To The 8th United States Infantry; Served With Distinguished Valour In All The Battles Of Gen. Scott In Mexico, Including The Siege Of Vera Cruz And The ...
George Peels
Peels, George (1558?-1597?), English Dramatist, Was Born In London. His Father, Who Appears To Have Belonged To A Devonshire Family, Was Clerk Of Christ's Hospital, And Wrote Two Treatises On Book-keeping. George Peele Was Educated At Christ's Hospital, And Entered Broadgates Hall (pembroke College), Ox Ford, In 1571. In 1574 ...
German Philosophy Since Hegel
German Philosophy Since Hegel Materialism.—various Influences Combined To Occasion A Tend Ency Towards Materialism About The Middle Of The 19th Century. Idealism Had On The Whole Sided Definitely With Conservatism In Religion And Politics. Hegel's Dictum, "the Real Is Rational," Was Readily Exploited In A Reactionary Sense Beyond Anything That ...
Gifford Pinchot
Pinchot, Gifford ), American Forester And Public Official, Was Born At Simbury, Conn., On Aug. 11, 1865. He Graduated At Yale In 1889 And Afterwards Studied At The Ecole Nationale Forestiere, Nancy, France, And For Briefer Periods In Switzerland, Germany And Austria. Upon His Return He Began The First Systematic ...
Giovanni 1855 1912 Pascoli
Pascoli, Giovanni (1855-1912), Italian Poet, Was Born At San Mauro Di Romagna On Dec. 31, 1855. He Studied At The College Of The Scolopi Fathers At Urbino, And At The University Of Bologna. He Then Became A Secondary School Teacher. In 1891 He Published His First Volume Of Verse, Myricae. ...
Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola
Pico Della Mirandola, Giovanni, Count Italian Philosopher And Writer, The Youngest Son Of Giovanni Francesco Pico, Prince Of Mirandola, A Small Territory Not Far From Ferrara, Afterwards Absorbed In The Duchy Of Modena, Was Born On Feb. 24, 1463. In His Fourteenth Year Pico Went To Bologna, Where He Studied ...
Giovanni Pierluigi Da 1594
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi Da 1594), Italian Composer, Was Born In Palestrina (the Ancient Praeneste), At The Foot Of The Sabine Mountains, In 1526. He Appears In The Musical Publications And Other Documents Of His Day Under All Manner Of Designations Derived From His Birthplace And His Baptismal Names. The Full ...
Giovanni Pisano
Pisano, Giovanni (c. 1249–after 1314), Italian Archi Tect And Sculptor, Was The Son Of Niccola Pisano. He Developed And Extended Into Other Parts Of Italy The Renaissance Of Sculp Ture Initiated By His Father. He Spent The First Part Of His Life As A Pupil And Fellow Worker Of Niccola ...
Giuseppe 1729 1799 Parini
Parini, Giuseppe (1729-1799), Italian Poet, Was Born At Bosisio In The Milanese, On May 22, 1729. His Parents, Who Possessed A Small Farm On The Shore Of Lake Pusiano, Sent Him To Milan, Where He Studied Under The Barnabites In The Academy Arcimboldi, Maintaining Himself Latterly By Copying Manuscripts. In ...
Gold
Gold The Gold Output Of The World Previous To The Spanish Discovery And Exploitation Of The Americas Was Quite Small—of The Order Of Ioo,000 Oz. Annually, About One-third Of Which Was Produced In Europe And Two-thirds In Africa, Asia Apparently Contributing Very Little. As A Measure Of Magnitude In Comparison ...
Gottfried Heinrich Pappenheim
Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, Count Of (1594-1632), Imperial Field Marshal In The Thirty Years' War, Was Born On May 29, 1594, At The Little Town Of Pappenheim On The Altmwhl, Now In Bavaria, The Seat Of A Free Lordship Of The Empire, Of An Ancient Family Established There. He Was Educated ...
Gramophone
Gramophone. The Major Portion Of The Improvement Introduced Has Dealt With The Co-ordination Of The Results Obtainable With The New Equipment And The Production Of A Proper Artistic Effect. As Might Be Expected, This Has Dealt Mainly With The Study Of The Proper Acoustic Conditions In The Space In Which ...
Guglielmo Pepe
Pepe, Guglielmo Neapolitan General, Born At Squillace In Calabria, Took Part In 1799 In The Republican Movement At Naples Inspired By The French Revolution ; He Fought Against The Bourbon Troops Under Cardinal Ruffo, Was Captured And Exiled To France. He Entered Napoleon's Army And Served First Under Joseph Bonaparte ...
Habit Of Igneous Rocks
Habit Of Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Occur Essentially In Two Different Ways, Either As Lavas Or Intrusions. Lavas Or Effusive Types.—the Lavas Have Been Poured Out At The Surface And Have Consolidated After Ejection, Under Conditions Which Are Fairly Well Understood, Seeing That They May Be Ex Amined At Active ...
Henry De Percy
Henry De Percy (c. 1272-1315) , William's Grandson, Was One Of Edward I.'s Most Active Agents In The Subjugation Of Scotland Till The Success Of Robert Bruce Drove Him Out Of Turnberry Castle, And Made Him Withdraw Into England. Percy Strengthened His Position In The North Of England By Purchasing ...
Henry John Temple Palmerston
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Vis Count ( 1 784-1865 ) , English Statesman, Was Born At Broadlands, Near Romsey, Hants, On Oct. 20, 1784, The Son Of Henry, 2nd Viscount Palmerston And His Wife Mary Mee. Much Of Palmer Ston's Early Childhood Was Spent In Italy, But He Was ...
Henry Peacham
Peacham, Henry (c. 1643), English Writer, Was The Son Of Henry Peacham, Curate Of North Mimms, Hertford Shire, And Author Of A Book On Rhetoric Called The Garden Of Rhetoric (1577). The Elder Peacham Became In 1597 Rector Of Leverton, Lincolnshire. The Son Was Educated At Trinity College, Cambridge, Where ...
Henry Pelham
Pelham, Henry Prime Minister Of Eng Land, Younger Brother Of Thomas Holles Pelham, Duke Of New Castle, Was Born In 1696. He Was A Younger Son Of Thomas, St Baron Pelham Of Laughton (1650-1712; Cr. 1706) And Of Lady Grace Holles, Daughter Of The 3rd Earl Of Clare. He Was ...
Hester Lynch 1741 1821 Piozzi
Piozzi, Hester Lynch (1741-1821), English Writer, Well Known As The Friend (mrs. Thrale) Of Samuel Johnson, Was Born On Jan. 16, 1741, Her Father Being John Salusbury Of Bobbel, Carnarvonshire. In 1763 She Married Henry Thrale, A Rich South Wark Brewer, Whose House Was At Streatham On The South-east Corner ...