PATTISON, MARK English author and rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, was born on Oct. Io, 1813. He was educated privately, and at Oriel college, Oxford; in 1839 he ob tained a fellowship at Lincoln College. Pattison was at this time a Puseyite, and greatly under the influence of J. H. Newman, for whom he worked, helping in the translation of Thomas Aquinas's Catena Aurea, and writing in the British Critic and Christian Remembrancer. He was ordained priest in 1843, and was tutor of Lincoln College from 1843 to 1855. Pattison then travelled in Germany to investigate Continental systems of education, and began the researches into the lives of Casaubon and Scaliger, which occupied the remainder of his life. In 1861 he was elected rector of Lincoln, but he never liked the routine of university busi ness. He died at Harrogate on July 3o, 1884. His biography of Isom Casaubon appeared in 1875. His Sermons and Collected Essays, edited by Henry Nettleship, were published posthumously (1889), as well as the Memoirs (1885), an autobiography deeply tinged with melancholy.
PAU, a city of south-western France, chief town of the de partment of Basses-Pyrenees, 66m. E.S.E. of Bayonne on the southern railway to Toulouse. Pop. (1931), It stands on the edge of a plateau 13oft. above the right bank of the Gave de Pau (a left-hand affluent of the Adour), about 62oft. above the sea. A small stream, the Hedas, flowing in a deep ravine and crossed by several bridges, divides the city into two parts. Pau is famous as a winter health-resort.
Pau derives its name from the word pal, in allusion to the stakes which were set up on the site chosen for the town. It was founded probably in the early 11th century by the viscounts of Beam, and was the residence, from 1512 onwards, of the kings of Navarre. The 14th century castle is connected with the town by a bridge, built under Louis XV. On the left of the entrance is the donjon built by Gaston Phoebus. On the north-east is the 14th century Tour de Montauzet. There is a fine collection of Gobelin and Flemish tapestries in the castle. A portion of the buildings of a Jesuit college founded in 1622 remains. Pau is the seat of a court of appeal and a court of assizes and has a tribunal of first instance, a tribunal of commerce and a chamber of arts and manufactures. In 1928 a new railway between France and Spain placed Pau in contact with Jaca in the Spanish province of Huesca.
PAUL, "the Apostle of the Gentiles," the first great Chris tian missionary and theologian. He holds a place in Christianity second only to that of the Founder Himself. Born and bred a strict Jew, he came to distinguish clearly between Judaism and the Gospel of Christ, and to present Christianity as the uni versal religion for man as man, not merely a sect of Judaism with proselytes of its own. This, and nothing less, was the issue involved in the problem of Christianity and the Jewish Law; and it was Paul who settled it once and for all.
The primitive apostles in the main continued their Master's own practical attitude to the Law, as though the Cross here made no difference, and without seeing far into principles. But with Paul it was otherwise. For him the issue was defined by the Cross. It was "Pharisaism or Jesus"; and that, as he saw it, meant virtually Law or Love as the ultimate revelation of God. As Saul the Pharisee, he had taken the Mosaic Law in the strict sense, one demanding perfect inner and outer obedience ; and he had relied on it utterly for the righteousness it was held able to confer. Hence when it gave way beneath him as means of salvation— nay, plunged him ever deeper in the Slough of Despond by bringing home his inability to be righteous by doing righteousness —he was driven to a revolutionary attitude to the Law as method of justification. "Through (the) Law" he "died unto (the) Law," that he "might live unto God" (Gal. ii. 19). By this experience not only Pharisaic Judaism, but the legal principle in religion alto gether, was turned upside down within his own soul; and of this fact his teaching and career as an apostle were the outcome.
But Paul had in him other elements besides the Jewish, though these lay latent till after his conversion. As a native of Tarsus, he had points of contact with Greek culture and sentiment. As a Roman citizen likewise, conscious of membership in a world wide system of law and order, he could realize the idea of a universal religious franchise, with a law and order of its own. Both these factors in his training contributed to the moulding of Paul the missionary statesman. In his mind the conception of the Church as something as catholic as the Roman empire first took shape; and through his wonderful labours the founda tions of its actual realization were firmly laid.