Landgrave Of Hesse 1504 1567
Philip, Landgrave Of Hesse (1504-1567), Son Of The Land Grave William Ii., Was Born At Marburg On Nov. 13, 1504. He Became Landgrave On His Father's Death In 1509, And Having Been Declared Of Age In 1518, Was Married In 1523 To Christina, Daughter Of George, Duke Of Saxony. In ...
Later Conferences In Paris
Later Conferences In Paris After The Conclusion Of The Important Conference Already De Scribed, Three Meetings Of Allied Statesmen Were Held In Paris To Consider Matters Arising Out Of The Execution Of The Treaty Of Versailles. Jan. 24-30,1921.—a Meeting To Consider Proposals Put Forward By Allied Experts As A Result ...
Lead And Zinc
Lead And Zinc Lead.—no Quantitative Estimate Of The Copper, Lead And Zinc Resources Of The World Has Been Made And It Is Doubtful Whether A Reasonable Approximation Can Be Made. Looking Backward Through 5o Years There Have Been Periods When It Was Thought That The Supply Of These Ores Was ...
Louis 1822 1895 Pasteur
Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895), French Chemist, Was Born On Dec. 27,1822, At Dole, Jura, The Son Of A Tanner. Shortly After Wards His Family Moved To Arbois, Where Louis Attended The Pri Mary And Secondary Schools. In Oct. 1838 He Was Sent To A School In The Quartier Latin Of Paris, ...
Louis Joseph Papineau
Papineau, Louis Joseph Canadian Rebel And Politician, Son Of Joseph Papineau, Royal Notary And Member Of The House Of Assembly Of Lower Canada, Was Born At Montreal On Oct. 7, 1786. He Was Educated At The Seminary Of Quebec, Where He Developed The Gift Of Declamatory And Per Suasive Oratory. ...
Louis Philippe Albert Dorleans
Paris, Louis Philippe Albert D'orleans, Comte De (1838-1894), Son Of The Duc D'orleans, The Eldest Son Of King Louis Philippe, Was Born On Aug. 24, 1838. His Mother Was The Princess Helen Of Mecklenburg-schwerin, A Protestant. By The Death Of His Father In 1842, The Count, Then Four Years Of ...
Luigi 1867 1936 Pirandello
Pirandello, Luigi (1867-1936), Italian Dramatist And Novelist, Was Born On June 28, 1867, On A Country Estate Near Gir Genti (sicily). He First Went To Rome At The Age Of 19, Staying There Until 1891, When He Went To Germany And Graduated In Philosophy At The University Of Bonn. He ...
Magnetic Permeability
Permeability, Magnetic. The Force Between Two Magnetic Poles Varies As The Product Of The Strengths Of The Poles, And Inversely As The Square Of The Distance Between Them. It De Pends Also On The Nature Of The Intervening Medium. In The C.g.s. Electro-magnetic System Of Units, Unit Pole Is Defined ...
Manganese
Manganese World Resources Of Manganese May Be Divided Into Two Classes: Manganese Ore Containing More Than 3 5 % Manganese ; And Man Ganiferous Ores Containing Less Than 35% Manganese. In Coun Tries Where Manganese Ore Production Is Large And Consumption Small The Second Class Is Of Small Interest, Whereas ...
Marcus Pacuvius
Pacuvius, Marcus (c. 220-130 B.c.), Roman Tragic Poet, Was The Nephew And Pupil Of Ennius, By Whom Roman Tragedy Was First Raised To A Position Of Influence And Dignity. Like Ennius He Probably Belonged To An Oscan Stock, And Was Born At Brundusium, Which Had Become A Roman Colony In ...
Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan
Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe Peruvian Historian And Geographer, Was Born At Arequipa, On Aug. 22, 1821. He Studied Law, And After Holding Some Minor Judicial Offices, Was Minister To New Granada In 1853. In 186o Castilla Made Him Director Of Public Works. In 1861 He Published His Great Atlas Of ...
Mark Pattison
Pattison, Mark English Author And Rector Of Lincoln College, Oxford, Was Born On Oct. Io, 1813. He Was Educated Privately, And At Oriel College, Oxford; In 1839 He Ob Tained A Fellowship At Lincoln College. Pattison Was At This Time A Puseyite, And Greatly Under The Influence Of J. H. ...
Materialism
Materialism.) Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Is The Philosopher Of "volun Tarism" And "pessimism." Just As Hegel, His Senior Contemporary, Had Identified Ultimate Reality With Reason, So Schopenhauer, On The Contrary, Identified It With Will, And Irrational Will To Boot. He Too, Claimed To Be Developing The Philosophy Of Kant. For Kant, Like ...
Matthew Calbraith Perry
Perry, Matthew Calbraith ( ) , Amer Ican Naval Officer, Was Born In South Kingston, R.i., April 1o, 1794. He Became A Midshipman In 1809, And Served During The War Of 1812, And In 1813 Was Made Lieutenant. In 1826 He Became A Commander, And During 1826-30 Was In The ...
Matthew Parker
Parker, Matthew Archbishop Of Can Terbury, Was Born At Norwich, On Aug. 6, 1504. Matthew Was Sent In 1522 To Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He Graduated B.a. In 1525, Was Ordained Deacon In April And Priest In June 1527, And Was Elected Fellow Of Corpus In The Following Sep Tember. ...
Max Planck
Planck, Max ), German Physicist, Was Born At Kiel On April 23, 1858. He Studied At The Universities Of Munich And Berlin, Became An Assistant In Munich University, And Was Subsequently Appointed A Professor In Kiel (1885) And In Berlin (1889). Planck Devoted Himself To The Study Of Theoretical Physics, ...
Mica
Mica The Commercial Importance Of Mica Is Due To Its Highly Devel Oped Cleavage, Which Permits The Manufacture Of Dimensioned Parts With Great Accuracy; Its Transparency; Flexibility; Stability At High Temperatures ; And Insulating Qualities. It Is An Essential Constituent In The Ignition System Of The Internal Combustion Motor And ...
Modern Painting In Germany
Modern Painting In Germany The Germans Are An Intellectual, Philosophical And Musical People. But Their Artists (painters And Sculptors) Have Been Few. Curiously Enough, They Have Always Taken An Interest In French Art And Long Before French Impressionism Had Dawned On Eng Land, The German Collectors Had Been Acquiring Masterpieces ...
Modern Painting In Usa
Modern Painting In U.s.a. Sort Of Sargent Without Sargent's Peculiar Snap, But With A Cer Tain Added Reticence, And J. W. Alexander (1856-1915), A Charm Ingly Decorative Portrait Painter, Are In No Sense Innovators But Be Long Unobtrusively To The Main Stream. There Are Many Other Art Ists Who Have ...
Modern Philosophy
Modern Philosophy Transition.—subordination To Authority Was The Chief Char Acteristic Of Mediaeval Thought. It Took Many Generations And Diverse Influences To Break The Power Of Ecclesiastical Authority, And To Secure Autonomy For Philosophy. No Doubt Authority Was A Guide As Well As A Task-master, A Support As Well As A ...
Modern Physics
Modern Physics So Long As We Are Dealing With Massive Bodies Or With Great Groups Of Particles, The Laws Of Dynamics, Based Upon Newton's Laws Of Motion And Applied Without Any Breach Of Continuity, Were Sufficient And Reigned Supreme. This Kind Of Dynamics Domi Nated The 19th Century, But Just ...
Modern Revolvers
Modern Revolvers Modern Automatic Pistols Have Many Advantages Over Contem Porary Revolvers, And The Armies Of Most Nations Are Now Armed With Them With The Exception Of Britain, France, And At One Time Russia. In The British Navy The -455 Webley Revolver Is Used. All Revolvers Are Hand Operated, But ...
Modern Work On Visual
Modern Work On Visual Magnitudes The Bulk Of Observational Work On Visual Magnitudes Has Been Carried Out At Harvard, And At The Harvard Station In The Southern Hemisphere (but A Considerable Amount Has Been Accomplished At Potsdam), And The Standard Catalogue Of Visual Magnitudes For The Brighter Stars Is The ...
Morbid Conditions Due To
Morbid Conditions Due To Animal Parasites Introductory.—animal Parasites Are Invertebrate Animals Which Have Abandoned Their Free-range Life And Have Taken Up Their Abode In Or Upon The Living Bodies Of Other Animals Or Plants. Freedom Has Been Exchanged For A More Constant And Usually Richer Supply Of Food And A ...
Mungo Park
Park, Mungo (1771-1806?), Scottish Explorer Of The Niger, Was Born In Selkirkshire, Scotland, On Sept. 20, 1771, At Foulshiels On The Yarrow. He Was Apprenticed To A Surgeon, Thomas Anderson, And Took His Surgeon's Diploma At Edinburgh. By His Brother-in-law, James Dickson, He Was Introduced To Sir Joseph Banks, Then ...
Municipal Pensions Civil Service
Pensions: Civil Service, Municipal, Etc. The Pension Scheme For British Civil Servants Is Laid Down In The Superannuation Acts 1834 To 1919. (see Superannuation.) The Whole Cost Of The Pensions Is Borne By The State. Pensions Are Awarded By The Treasury And Are Payable Only To Those State Paid Permanent ...
Musical Pitch
Pitch, Musical. The Pitch Of A Musical Sound Is Precisely Defined By A Vibration Number Recording The Frequency Of The Pulsations Of A Tense String, A Column Of Air Or Other Vi Brator, In A Second Of Time. In Great Britain And America The Complete Vibration To And Fro Is ...
Natural Gas
Natural Gas Natural Gas, Like Petroleum With Which It Is Closely Associated, Is One Of The Major Natural Resources Of The United States. It May Occur With Petroleum Or Independent Of Commercial Petro Leum In Great Natural Gas Fields Or Deposits. Composed, For The Most Part, Of The Hydrocarbons Of ...
Niccola Piccinni
Piccinni, Niccola Italian Composer, Was Born At Bari, Naples, On Jan. 16, 1728. He Was Educated Under Leo And Durante, At The Conservatorio Di Sant' Onofrio In Naples. His First Opera, Le Donne Dispettose, Was Produced In 1755, And In 176o He Composed, At Rome, La Cecchina, Ossia La Buona ...
Niccola Pisano
Pisano, Niccola (c. 1225–c. 1278), Italian Sculptor And Architect Settled At Pisa. A Document Among The Archives Of The Sienese Cathedral Calls Him Son Of "petrus De Apulia," And Most Modern Writers Believe That He Not Only Was A Native Of The Province Of Apulia In Southern Italy, But Also ...
Nicholas Claude Fabri De
Peiresc, Nicholas Claude Fabri De (158o 1637), French Archaeologist, Naturalist, Scholar And Promoter Of Learning, Was Born On Dec. 1, 158o, At Beaugensier, Provence. In Tended By His Father For The Law He Early Showed A Preference For The Study Of Antiquities, And From 1599 To 16o2 Travelled In Italy ...
Nicholas Pasic
Pasic, Nicholas (1846?-1926), Serbian Statesman, Was The Son Of A Merchant At Zajee'ar, Close To The Bulgarian Frontier. He Studied Engineering First At Belgrade And Then, With The Help Of A State Bursary, At The University Of Zurich, Where He And Other Young Serbs Came Under The Influence Of Bakunin. ...
Nickel
Nickel While Nickel Is One Of The Elements Of Most Common Occurrence In The Earth's Crust, The Commercially Important Ore Deposits Are Confined To Two Localities, Canada And New Caledonia. Of These Canada Is By Far The More Important, Producing (1929) Approx Imately 90% Of The World's Nickel. While There ...
Nicolo Paganini
Paganini, Nicolo Italian Virtuoso On The Violin, Was Born At Genoa On Feb. 18, 1784. His Father Antonio, A Clever Amateur, Who Was In The Shipping Business, Taught Him The Violin At A Very Early Age, And He Had Further Lessons From The Maestro Di Cappella Of The Cathedral Of ...
Nikita Ivanovich Panin
Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, Count Russian Statesman, Was Born At Danzig On Sept. 18, 1718. He Passed His Childhood At Pernau, Where His Father Was Commandant. In 1740 He Entered The Army, And Rumour Had It That He Was One Of The Favourites Of The Empress Elizabeth. In 1747 He Was ...
Octavio Piccolomini
Piccolomini, Octavio, Prince (1599-1656), Duke Of Amalfi, Austrian General, Was Born On Nov. Ii, 1599 In Flor Ence, And Carried A Pike In The Spanish Service At The Age Of Six Teen. On The Outbreak Of The Thirty Years' War He Served In Bohemia And Hungary, Then In Spain And ...
Oil As An Economic
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Other Forms Of Persian
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Pablo Picasso
Picasso, Pablo (1881— ). The Initiator Of Cubism In Modern Painting. He Was Born On Oct. 23, 1881, At Malaga, In Spain. His Father Was An Artist And Professor At The Academy At Barcelona, And Under Him Pablo Received His First Lessons In Art. After Many Visits To Paris, He ...
Pacific Blockade
Pacific Blockade, A Method Of Coercion Short Of War Exercised By A Great Power For The Purpose Of Bringing Pres Sure To Bear On A Weaker State. That It Is An Act Of Violence, And Therefore In The Nature Of War, Is Undeniable. In This Respect It Is An Act ...
Pacific Islands Oceania
Pacific Islands (oceania). The Pacific Islands, Also Sometimes Spoken Of Collectively As Oceania Or Even Oceanica, May From A Geographical Point Of View, Be Described As Including All The Almost Innumerable "oceanic" Islands, As Distinguished From The "coastal" Archipelagoes Adjoining The Shores Which More Or Less Surround The Pacific Ocean, ...
Pacific Ocean Questions
Pacific Ocean Questions. The Huge Expanse Of The Pacific, Covering Half The Globe, Has Obstructed Human Mi Gration And Intercourse Till Recent Times. There Was Only One Way Of Reaching America From Asia, And That Was Over Behring's Straits, A Shallow Connection Between The Arctic And The Pacific, 36 M. ...
Packing House
Packing House : See Abattoir And Slaughter House. Pacorus, A Parthian Name, Borne By Two Parthian Princes. I . Pacorus, Son Of Orodes I., Was, After The Battle Of Carrhae, Sent By His Father Into Syria At The Head Of An Army In 52 B.c. The Prince Was Still Very ...
Padang
Padang, The Chief Port On The West Coast Of Sumatra And Capital Of The Residency Of The West Coast Of Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, Population 52,054 (2,592 Europeans And Eurasians). Padang, Which Is 572 Miles From Batavia, Has Prospered Exceed Ingly Since The Opening-up Of The Padang Highlands With Their ...
Padiham
Padiham, Urban District, Clitheroe Parliamentary Division, Lancashire, England, 3 M. W. Of Burnley By L.m.s. Railway. Pop. (1931) 11,632. It Stands On The River Calder. Its Industries Comprise Cotton Mills, Quarries And Coal Mines. The Church Of St. Leonard (15th Cent.) Was Rebuilt In The Perpendiculai Style (1866-8). In 1251 ...
Padstow
Padstow, A Seaport And Market Town In The St. Austell Parliamentary Division Of Cornwall, England, On The S.r. Pop. Of Urban District (1931) 1,929. Padstow (known As Aldestowe In 1273, Patrikstowe In 1326, Patrestowe In 1346) And St. Ives Are The Only Two Tolerably Safe Harbours On The North Coast ...
Padua
Padua, A City Of Northern Italy (lat. Patavium [q.v.]; Ital. Padova), On The River Bacchiglione, 25 M. W. Of Venice And 18 M. S.e. Of Vicenza. Pop. (1931) 57,172 (town), 131,066 (commune). The City Is Picturesque, With Arcaded Streets, And Many Bridges Crossing The Various Branches Of The Bacchiglione, Which ...
Paeligni
Paeligni, A People Of Ancient Italy, First Mentioned As A Member Of A Confederacy Which Included The Marsi, Mar Rucini, And Vestini (qq.v.), With Which The Romans Came Into Conflict In The Second Samnite War, 325 B.c. (liv. Viii. 29). On The Submission Of The Samnites (q.v.) They All Came ...
Paeonia
Paeonia, The Land Of The Paeonians, The Boundaries Of Which, Like The Early History Of Its Inhabitants, Are Very Obscure. The Paeonians Are Regarded As Descendants Of The Phrygians Of Asia Minor. According To The National Legend They Were Colonists From Troy, And Homer (iliad, Ii. 848) Speaks Of Paeonians ...
Paestum
Paestum, An Ancient Greek City In Lucania (gr. Hocrec &ma- Mod. Pesto), Near The Sea, With A Railway Station 24 M. S.e. Of Salerno, 5 M. S. Of The River Silarus (salso), Founded By Tro Ezenian And Achaean Colonists From Sybaris, Probably About 600 B.c. For It Was Flourishing About ...
Pageant
Pageant, A Show Or Spectacle. In The Mediaeval Drama The Word Was Used In The Sense Of A Scene, A Division Or Part Of A Play. Thus We Read Of Queen Margaret In 1457 That At Coventry She Saw "alle The Pagentes Pleyde Save Domesday Which Myght Not Be Pleyde ...
Pahari Language
Pahari Language (properly Pahari, The Language Of The Mountains), A General Name Applied To The Indo-aryan Languages Or Dialects Spoken In The Lower Ranges Of The Himalayas From Nepal In The East, To Chamba Of The Punjab In The West. These Forms Of Speech Fall Into Three Groups—an Eastern, Consist ...
Pahlavi Or Pehlevi
Pahlavi Or Pehlevi, The Name Given By The Followers Of Zoroaster To The Character In Which Are Written The Ancient Translations Of Their Sacred Books And Some Other Works Which They Preserve. (see Persia: Language.) The Name, Which Means Parthian, Can Be Traced Back For Many Centuries ; The Poet ...
Paint
Paint. A Paint May Be Defined As A Fluid Suspension Of Finely Divided Solids Which, When Applied To A Surface, Will "dry" Or Set To An Opaque Film, Either By Oxidation Or Evaporation. A Paint Consists Of A Mixture Of (i) Solid Pigment (or A Mixture Of Pigments), And (ii) ...
Painter Work
Painter-work. The Disadvantage Of White Lead Paints Is That They Darken With Age, And Become Discoloured When Exposed To The Fumes Of Sul Phuretted Hydrogen Which Exists To A Greater Or Less Extent In The Atmosphere Of All Large Towns. For This Reason Paints Made On A White Lead Base ...
Painter Work In The Building
Painter-work In The Building Trade. In Painter-work The Most Important Fact To Remember Is That The Cost Of Applying Paint Is From Four To Five Times The Cost Of The Paint Itself, And Therefore To Use Materials Of Poor Quality, Be Cause Of Their Relative Cheapness, Is False Economy. The ...
Paisley
Paisley, Burgh Of Barony And Parish Of Renfrewshire, Scotland, On The White Cart, 3 M. From Its Junction With The Clyde, 7 M. W. By S. Of Glasgow By The L.m.s. Railway. It Is Connected With Glasgow, Renfrew And Elsewhere By Tramways. Pop. (1931) 86,441. In '791 The River, Which ...
Pakokku
Pakokku, A District In The Magwe Division Of Burma, Lying West Of The Irrawaddy River And South-west Of Mandalay, With The Line Of The Chin Hills As A General Boundary On The West. It-has An Area Of 6,210 Sq.m. And A Population (1931) Of 499,181. The Part Of The District ...
Palaeobotany Or Vegetable Palaeon
Palaeobotany Or Vegetable Palaeon Tology, A Branch Of The Science Of Botany, Is Concerned With The Study Of Plants Which Lived In Past Ages, By Means Of Their Remains Found As Fossils In The Rocks. Fossil Plants May Be Re Garded As The Documents On Which The History Of The ...
Palaeography
Palaeography, The Name Given To The Science Of An Cient Handwriting Acquired From A Study Of Surviving Examples. The Word Is Sometimes Erroneously Used Where Epigraphy Would Be Better (for Inscriptions, Q.v., On Stone Or Metal). It Is Difficult, Indeed, To Define The Boundary Between The Two Sciences ; Many ...
Palaeontology
Palaeontology, The Science Which Deals With The Re Mains Of Animals And Plants Found Buried In The Rocks. For Con Venience It Is Now Customary To Use The Term Only For The Study Of Fossil Animals, And To Deal With Plants Under The Head Of Palaeobotany (q.v.). In Essence However, ...
Palatinate
Palatinate (ger. Pfalz), A Name Given Generally To Any District Formerly Ruled By A Count Palatine, But Particularly To A District Of Germany, A Province In The Land Of Bavaria, Lying West Of The Rhine. (see Bavaria.) Excluding The Saar District, Which Was In 1933 Under The Administration Of The ...
Palatine
Palatine. In The Later Roman Empire Certain Officials Attending On The Emperor, Or Discharging Duties At His Court, Were Called Palatini; From The Time Of Constantine The Great The Term Was Also Applied To The Soldiers Stationed In Or Around The Capital To Distinguish Them From Those Stationed On The ...
Palembang
Palembang, A Residency Of South-east Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, Facing The Island Of Banka, Area 85,918 Sq. Kilometres; Population (1930), 1,098,725. It Extends From The Mountains Which Flank The West Coast Of Sumatra And Form The Dividing Line Between It And The Residency Of Bencoolen, To The Straits Of Banka, ...
Palenque
Palenque, The Modern Name Of A Deserted City In Mexico, In The Narrow Valley Of The Otolum, In The North Part Of The State Of Chiapas, 8o M. S. Of The Gulf Port Of Carmen. About 3o M. Away, On The Left Bank Of The Usumacinta River, Stand The Ruins ...
Palermo
Palermo, A City Of Sicily (greek, 1163/opitos; Latin, Pan, Hormus, Panormus), Capital Of A Province Of The Same Name, In The Kingdom Of Italy, And The See Of An Archbishop. Pop. (1931), Town 301,166, Commune 389,699. The City Stands In The North West Of The Island, On A Small Bay ...
Palestine
Palestine, A Territory Administered By The British Gov Ernment Under A Mandate From The League Of Nations, Which Came Officially Into Operation In 1923. It Is Bounded On The North By The French Sphere Of Syria, As Settled By The Franco British Convention Of 1920, On The West By The ...
Or Peony Paeony
Paeony, Or Peony, A Genus Of Plants Remarkable For Their Large And Gorgeous Flowers; It Belongs To The Family Ranunculaceae. There Are Two Distinct Sets, One The Strong-growing Herbaceous Kind, With Fleshy Roots And Annual Stems, Derived Mainly From Paeonia Albiflora And P. Officinalis; The Other Called The Tree Paeony, ...
Or Peterloo
Peterloo, Or The Manchester Massacre, A Name Given To A Meeting Held On Aug. 16, 1819, In St. Peter's Fields, Manchester. Its Object Was To Demand The Reform Of Parliament And It Was Attended By About 6o,000 Persons, Including An Unusually Large Proportion Of Women And Children. None Were Armed ...
Or Warnefridi Paulus Diaconus
Paulus Diaconus, Or Warnefridi, Or Casi Nensis (c. 720–c. 800), The Historian Of The Lombards, Belonged To A Noble Lombard Family And Flourished In The 8th Century. An Ancestor Named Leupichis Entered Italy In The Train Of Alboin And Received Lands At Or Near Forum Iulii (friuli). During An Invasion ...