Pali Language And Literature
Pali Language And Literature. Pcili Was Applied To The Text Of The Hinayana Buddhist Scripture (see Buddhism) Preserved In Ceylon. Used Now For The Language In Which Those Texts Were Written, It Usually Includes The Language Of The Subsequent Commentaries And Other Writings. By Some Its Meaning Has Been Extended ...
Palimpsest
Palimpsest. The Custom Of Removing Writing From An Inscribed Surface, And Thus Preparing That Surface To Receive Another Text, Is An Old One. The Term Palimpsest (from Gr. Raxcv, Again, And 1(aco, I Scrape) Is Used By Catullus And Cicero, Refer Ring, Respectively, To Papyrus ( ?) And Waxen Tablets; ...
Palladium
Palladium Is A Metal Always Present To Some Extent In Platinum Ores, Which Sometimes Consist Almost Wholly Of This Metal ; It Is Occasionally, But Rarely, Found In Small Amounts In Osmiridium And Sometimes Occurs In Small Quantities Combined With Gold In The Harz Mountains. (symbol Pd, Atomic Number 46, ...
Pallium Or Pall
Pallium Or Pall, An Ecclesiastical Vestment In The Ro Man Catholic Church, Originally Peculiar To The Pope, But For Many Centuries Past Bestowed By Him On All Metropolitans, Pri Mates And Archbishops As A Symbol Of The Jurisdiction Delegated To Them By The Holy See. The Pallium, In Its Present ...
Pallone
Pallone (italian For "large Ball," From Palla, Ball), The National Ball Game Of Italy. It Is Descended As Are All Other Court Games, Such As Tennis And Pelota, From The Two Ball Games Played By The Romans, In One Of Which A Large Inflated Ball, Called Folks, Was Used. The ...
Palm
Palm, Originally The Flat Of The Hand, In Which Sense It Is Still Used ; From This Sense The Word Was Transferred As A Name Of The Trees Described Below. The Emblematic Use Of The Word ( =prize, Honour) Represents A Further Transference From The Employment Of The Palm-leaves As ...
Palm Beach
Palm Beach And West Palm Beach, Two Cities Of Florida, U.s.a., On The Most Easterly Point Of The East Coast, 30o M. S.s.e. Of Jacksonville. They Are On Federal Highway And The East Coast Inland Waterway, And Are Served By The Florida East Coast And The Seaboard Air Line Railways, ...
Palm Oil
Palm Oil. A Fatty Oil Obtained From The Fleshy Part Of The Fruit Of The Oil-palm (elaeis Guineensis Jacq.), A Tree In Digenous To The West Coast Of Africa'. Palm Oil Must Not Be Confounded With The Oil From The Kernel (palm-kernel Oil) , Which Differs Widely From Palm Oil ...
Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday, The Sunday Before Easter, So Called From The Custom, Still Observed In The Roman Catholic Church, Of Blessing Palm Branches And Carrying Them In Procession In Com Memoration Of Christ's Triumphal Entry Into Jerusalem. In The Western Church, Palm Sunday Is Counted As The First Day Of Holy ...
Palmistry
Palmistry, A Predictive System Whereby The Various Irreg Ularities And Flexion-folds Of The Skin Of The Hand Are Interpreted As Being Associated With Mental Or Moral Dispositions And Powers As Well As With The Current Of Future Events In The Life Of The In Dividual. It Is Also Called Chiromancy ...
Palmyra
Palmyra, The Greek And Latin Name Of A Famous City Of The East, Now A Mere Collection Of Arab Hovels, But Still An Object Of Interest On Account Of Its Wonderful Ruins. In Ii. Chron. Viii. 4, And In The Native Inscriptions, It Is Called Tadmor, And This Is The ...
Palo Alto
Palo Alto, A Battlefield In Cameron County, Texas, Be Tween Point Isabel And Matamoras, About Nine Miles North-east Of The Latter. There On May 8, 1846, Took Place The First Battle Of The War Between Mexico And The United States (1846-1848). Briga Dier General Zachary Taylor's Forces Of Some 2,200 ...
Pamirs
Pamirs. The Name Of A Chain Of Mountains In Central Asia. Our Estimate Of The Extent Of Pamir Conformation Depends Much On The Significance Of The Word Pamir. If We Accept The Persian Derivation Of The Term, Pai-mir, Or "the Foot Of Moun Tain Peaks," We Have A Definition Which ...
Pampas
Pampas, An Extensive Plain Of Argentina, Extending From The Rio Colorado North To The Gran Chaco, And From The Foot-hills Of The Andes East To The Parana And Atlantic Coast. There Are Other Pampas In South America, Such As The Pampas De Aullagas, In Bolivia, The Pampas Del Sacramento Between ...
Pamphylia
Pamphylia, The Region In The South Of Asia Minor, Be Tween Lydia And Cilicia, Extending From The Mediterranean To Mt. Taurus. It Was Bounded On The North By Pisidia And Was A Coun Try Of Small Extent, Having A Coast-line Of About 75 Miles With A Breadth Of About 3o ...
Pamplona
Pamplona, The Capital Of The Spanish Province Of Navarre, And An Episcopal See ; Situated 1,387 Ft. Above Sea-level, On The Left Bank Of The Arga, A Tributary Of The Ebro. Pop. (1930) Pamplona Has A Station On The Ebro Railway Connecting Alsasua With Saragossa. From Its Position It Has ...
Pan American Union
Pan-american Union International Disputes By Arbitration. The Congress Appointed An International High Commission, Which Sat At Buenos Aires In April 1916. Improvement And Extension Of Cable, Telegraph And Railway Services Between The Countries Was Urged. A Permanent International High Commission Was Established To Promote Uni Form Commercial Laws Throughout The ...
Pan Turanianism
Pan-turanianism. In The Persian Epic Turan Means The Steppes And Deserts Of Central Asia, In Contrast To The Culti Vated Country Of Iran Or Persia. The People Of Turan Were The Nomads Who Had Constantly Overrun Persia From The North-east, And Who Belonged Linguistically To The Peoples Speaking The So ...
Panama
Panama, A Latin American Republic Lying Between Costa, Rica And Colombia, And Occupying Portions Of The Two Geograph Ical Divisions, Central And South America; The Panama Canal, Crossing The Narrowest And Lowest Point Of Land Between The Atlantic And Pacific Oceans, Bisects The Republic From Sea To Sea. The Republic ...
Panathenaea
Panathenaea, An Annual Festival At Athens Of Great An Tiquity And Importance. Traditionally Begun By Erechtheus And Changed From Athenaea (festival Of Athena) To Panathenaea (festival Of All Athenians, Universal Festival Of Athena) By The Seus, Its Elaboration Seems To Date From Peisistratus. In Its De Veloped Form It Was ...
Panathenaea Pancreas 179
Panathenaea Pancreas 179 Institution, And The Work To Be Performed By It Were Concerned. It Did Change Many Of The Details Of Administration Within The Bureau And Imposed Upon It Additional Work. The Action Of The Fourth International Conference, Which Met At Buenos Aires In 191o, Further Enlarged The Scope ...
Pancreas Or Sweetbread
Pancreas Or Sweetbread, In Anatomy, The Pink Tongue Shaped, Digestive Gland Which Lies Across The Posterior Wall Of The Abdomen About The Level Of The First Lumbar Vertebra Behind, And The Transpyloric Plane In Front (see Anatomy : Superficial And Artistic). Its Right End Is A Little To The Right ...
Panel
Panel, Originally A Small Piece Of Cloth Or Parchment; This Meaning Persists Only In Certain Legal Terms, Such As Jury Panel, So-called From The Original Strip Of Parchment On Which The Names Were Written In Early Days; And In Scotch Law In The Use Of The Word For An Indictment ...
Panic
Panic. In The Economic Sense, Panic Has Usually Signified The Existence Among The Public In General Of An Intense Contagious Fear That Soon The Banks Would Either Be Unable To Repay Their Depositors On Demand, Or Would Not Be In A Position To Lend Money, With The Result That The ...
Panislamism
Panislamism. This Word Was First Employed In Journal Istic Literature In The Early '8os Of The 19th Century To Describe The Efforts Made In The Muslim World To Bring About Some Unity Of Ac Tion In Opposition To The Christian Powers Of Europe. Invented To Express What Was Believed To ...
Panjabi Language
Panjabi Language (alternatively Punjabi), The Lan Guage Of The Central Punjab (properly Panjab). It Is Spoken By Over 17,000,000 People Between (approximately) The 77th And 74th Degrees Of East Longitude. The Vernacular Of This Tract Was Originally An Old Form Of The Modern Lahncla, A Member Of The Outer Group ...
Pannonia
Pannonia, A Country Bounded North And East By The Dan Ube, Conterminous Westwards With Noricum And Upper Italy, And Southward With Dalmatia And Upper Moesia. Its Original In Habitants Were Probably Of Illyrian Race. From The 4th Century B.c. It Was Invaded By Various Celtic Tribes, Probably Survivors Of The ...
Panorama
Panorama (gr. Ray, All, And Iipaga, View), The Name Given Originally To A Pictorial Representation Of The Whole View Visible From One Point By An Observer Who In Turning Round Looks Suc Cessively To All Points Of The Horizon. In An Ordinary Landscape Picture Only A Small Part Of The ...
Panslavism
Panslavism. The Term Panslavism Has Had Very Various Interpretations. Roughly It May Be Summarized As The Doctrine That All Slavonic Peoples Should Have As Large A Measure As Possible Of Political Solidarity. The First Great Panslavist Writer Was A Croat Catholic Priest, Jurij Kriianic (b. 1616), Who Conceived A Remarkably ...
Pansy Or Heartsease
Pansy Or Heartsease, A Favourite Garden Flower, One Of The Oldest In Cultivation, Belonging To The Violet Family (violaceae). It Has Been Grown For So Long A Period Under Such Diverse Conditions And In Such A Variety Of Forms That Its Origin Is Uncertain. The Numerous Handsome Forms, With Their ...
Pantelleria
Pantelleria, An Island In The Mediterranean (ancient Cossyra), 62 M. S. By W. Of The South-western Extremity Of Sicily, And 44 M. E. Of The African Coast, Belonging To The Sicilian Province Of Trapani. Pop. (1931), 9,679. It Is Entirely Of Vol Canic Origin, And About 45 Sq.m. In Area; ...
Pantheism
Pantheism (gr. Rav, Neut. Of Res, All, Every, 0e6s, God) And Its Kindred Terms Are Of Modern Origin. Toland, In 1705, Described Himself As A Pantheist, And It Is Commonly Said That The Word Had Not Been Used Before. Johnson Defines A Pantheist As "one Who Confounds God With The ...
Pantheon
Pantheon, A Building For The Worship Of All The Gods Revered In A Certain Locality ; Hence A Building Where Many Famous Men Are Buried, Or A Structure Built To Commemorate A Number Of National Heroes. The Most Famous Example Of This Usage Is That Of The Pantheon At Regensburg, ...
Pantomime
Pantomime, The Representation Of Emotions, Action And Various Situations Entirely By Body Movement, Gesture And Steps. It Occurs In All Primitive Stages Of Civilization, Expressing Itself In War-dances, Animal Mimicry And Sacrificial Rites, And In Indian And Egyptian Civilization It Had Already Developed Artistic Forms. The Greeks Sometimes Employed Choruses ...
Paolo Veronese 1528 1588
Paolo Veronese (1528-1588), The Name Given To Paolo Caliari Or Cagliari, Italian Painter Of The Veronese And Venetian Schools, Who Was Born In. Verona In 1528. His Father, Gabriele Caliari, Was One Of A Family Of Stone-carvers Come To Verona From Bissone On The Lake Of Lugano. Paolo Was At ...
Papacy
Papacy, The Name Most Commonly Applied To The Office And Position Of The Bishop Or Pope Of Rome, In Respect Both Of The Ecclesiastical And Temporal Authority Claimed By Him, I.e., As Successor Of St. Peter And Vicar Of Christ, Over The Catholic Church, And As Sovereign Of The Former ...
Papenburg
Papenburg, A Town In The Prussian Province Of Hanover, 27 M. By Rail S. By E. Of Emden, And Near The Right Bank Of The Ems, With Which It Is Connected By A Canal 3 M. Long. Pop. (1933) Io,816. Papenburg, Founded In 1675, Became A Town In 186o. Paper, ...
Paper Manufacture
Paper Manufacture. The Problem Of The Paper 'maker Is To Make A Felted Web, Fabric Or Tissue Of Cellulosic Fibres And Of Appropriate Uniform Thickness, Strength, Colour And Surface. For This Purpose The Fibres Are "beaten" In Water, I.e., Cut And Bruised, So That The Cellulose Composing Them May Be ...
Paper Materials
Paper Materials. The Supply Of Rags Is Insufficient To Meet Modern Demands, And First Esparto (about 186o) And Then Wood (about 188o) Accordingly Came Into Use; The Use Of Wood Has Been Greatly Advanced, Until Nowadays It Provides By Far The Largest Portion Of The World's Paper, And It Is ...
Paphlagonia
Paphlagonia, A District Of Asia Minor, Situated On The Euxine Sea Between Bithynia And Pontus, Separated From Galatia By A Prolongation To The East Of The Bithynian Olympus. Although The Paphlagonians Play Scarcely Any Part In History, They Were One Of The Most Ancient Nations Of Asia Minor (iliad; Ii. ...
Paphos
Paphos, An Ancient City And Sanctuary On The West Coast Of Cyprus. The Sanctuary And Older Town (palaepaphos) Lie At Kouklia, About 20 M. West Of Limasol, About A Mile Inland On The Left Bank Of The Diorizo River (anc. Bocarus). New Paphos (papho Or Baffo), Which Had Already Superseded ...
Papias
Papias, Of Hierapolis In Phrygia, One Of The "apostolic Fathers" (q.v.). His Exposition Of The Lord's Oracles, The Prime Early Authority As To The Gospels Of Matthew And Mark (see Gospels), Is Known Only Through Fragments In Later Writers, Chiefly Eusebius Of Caesarea (h.e. Iii. 39). The Latter Had A ...
Papier Mache
Papier Mache, A Term Embracing Numerous Manufac Tures In Which Paper Pulp Is Employed, Pressed And Moulded Into Various Shapes. The Art Has Long Been Practised In The East. About The Middle Of The 18th Century Papier Mache Work Came Into Prominence In Europe In The Form Of Trays, Boxes ...
Pappus Of Alexandria
Pappus Of Alexandria, Greek Geomet&, Flourished About The End Of The 3rd Century A.d. In A Period Of General Stagnation In Mathematical Studies, He Stands Out As A Remarkable Exception. How Far He Was Above His Contemporaries, How Little Appreciated Or Understood By Them, Is Shown By The Absence Of ...
Papuan Languages
Papuan Languages. Papuan Languages Are Spoken In New Guinea And The Adjacent Islands, And In The Solomon Group. The Halmaheran Languages Of Indonesia Are Included With Them. The Definition Of The Languages Is Essentially Negative, And They Are Described As Those Languages Of The Melanesian And Indonesian Regions Which Differ ...
Papuans
Papuans (malay Papiiwah Or Puwah-puwah, "frizzled," "woolly-haired," In Reference To Their Characteristic Hair-dressing), The Name Given To The People Of New Guinea And The Other Islands Of Melanesia. The Pure Papuan Is Found In Most Parts Of New Guinea And Is An Element In Melanesia. Papuan Elements Formerly Existed In ...
Papyrology
Papyrology. Papyrology Means The Science Or Study Of Papyri, But As Commonly Understood The Scope Of This Study Is Narrowed On One Side And Widened On Another. The Papyri Found In Egypt—which Country, Except For The Charred Rolls Of Her Culaneum, Has Hitherto Been Their Only Source—are Written In A ...
Papyrus
Papyrus (pap-i'rus), The Paper Reed, The Cyperus Papyrus (linn.) In Ancient Times Cultivated In The Delta Of Egypt, Where It Was Used For Various Purposes, And Especially As A Writing Material. The Plant Is Now Extinct In Lower Egypt, But Is Found In The Upper Nile Regions And In Abyssinia. ...
Para Or Grao Para
Para. Or Grao Para, A Northern State Of Brazil, Bounded On The North By The Three Guianas And The Atlantic, East By The Atlantic And The States Of Maranhao And Goyaz, South By Goyaz And Matto Grosso And West By Amazonas. It Is The Third Largest State Of The Republic, ...
Parabola
Parabola, In Mathematics, A Section Of A Circular Cone Made By A Plane Parallel To An Element Or Generatrix. The Name Was Given By Apollonius (c. 220 B.c.) To Denote The Areal Equiva Lence Expressed In The Modern Equation = 4px. The Curve Was Conceived Earlier, Probably By Menaechmus (c. ...