PAMPLONA, the capital of the Spanish province of Navarre, and an episcopal see ; situated 1,387 ft. above sea-level, on the left bank of the Arga, a tributary of the Ebro. Pop. (1930) Pamplona has a station on the Ebro railway connecting Alsasua with Saragossa. From its position it has always been the principal fortress of Navarre. Originally a town of the Vascones, Pamplona was rebuilt in 68 B.C. by Pompey the Great, whence the name Pompaelo or Pompelo (Strabo). It was captured by Euric the Goth in 466 and by the Franks under Childebert in 542 ; it was dismantled by Charlemagne in 778, but repulsed the emir of Sara gossa in 907. In the 14th century it was greatly strengthened and beautified by Charles III., who built a citadel on the site now occupied by the Plaza de Toros and by the Basilica de S. Ignacio, the church marking the spot where Ignatius de Loyola received his wound in defending the place against Andre de Foix in 1521.
The citadel, south-west of the city, was constructed by order of Philip II. (1556-98), and was modelled on that of Antwerp. The cathedral is a late Gothic structure begun in 1397 by Charles III. (El Noble) of Navarre, who is buried within its walls; of the older Romanesque cathedral only a small portion of the cloisters remains. The fine interior is remarkable for the peculiar structure of its apse, and for the choir-stalls carved in English oak by Miguel Ancheta (153o). The principal facade is Corinthian, from designs of Ventura Rodriguez (1783). The same architect designed the aqueduct by which the city is supplied with water from Monte Francoa, some nine miles off. Pamplona has a flourishing agri cultural trade, besides manufactures of cloth, linen stuffs, flour, soap, leather, cards, paper, earthenware, iron and nails. The yearly fair in connection with the feast of San Fermin (July 7), the patron saint of the city, attracts a large concourse.
Odysseus, but commonly identified with her, hence one or another of the characters in the Odyssey is sometimes called his father. He is represented as more or less bestial in shape, generally having the horns, legs and ears of a goat ; in later art the human parts of his form are much more emphasized, the bestial charac teristics dwindling to a little pair of horns. His activities are those of a giver of fertility; hence he is represented as vigorous and lustful. His chief concern is with flocks and herds, not with agriculture ; hence he can make men, like cattle, stampede in "panic" terror; like a shepherd, he is a piper, a late legend repre senting him as the lover of a nymph Syrinx ("pan-pipe"), who disappeared into a reed-bed when he pursued her, Pan making the first pipe from the reeds. Like a shepherd, again, he rests at noon, and dislikes having his sleep disturbed ; he can also send visions and dreams. Again like a shepherd, he haunts the high hills, and another late story makes him love or be loved by the nymph Pitys ("pine-tree").
Two picturesque stories are told of him. When the Athenians sent the runner Pheidippides (or Philippides) to ask help of Sparta before Marathon, he encountered Pan, who asked why Athens did not honour him, seeing that he was her friend and would be so again. After the battle, a cult of him was instituted (presumably because he had sent panic among the Persians). (See Herodotus, vi., io5.) In the time of Tiberius, one Thamus, pilot of a ship making for Italy, was thrice called by name and bidden to give the news that "great Pan was dead." (Plutarch, de defect, orac., 17.) It is plausibly suggested by S. Reinach, although several scholars reject the idea, that what was really heard was eapoin 0a,uoDs eccAolis 740v77ice ("Tammuz, Tammuz, Tammuz the all-great is dead"), a ritual lament for Thammuz-Adonis.' See Immerwahr, Kulte and Mythen Arkadiens (1891) ; Roscher, Lexikon, s.v. (bibl.) ; L. R. Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, vol. v. (1909) ; H. J. Rose, Handbook of Greek Mythology (1928).
Mythes et Religions, of course Hap gi-yas and 7raymeyas would be practically indistinguishable in pronunciation.