Paris

The museum of the Luxembourg, installed in a building near the palace occupied by the senate, is devoted to works of living painters and sculptors acquired by the State. They remain there for ten years after the death of the artist, that the finest may be selected for the Louvre. Some pictures by Degas and Cezanne were still at the Luxembourg in 1927, and here is also the famous "Bronze age" of Rodin. Foreign pictures belonging to the Luxem bourg are now housed in the Musee du Jeu de Paume, in the Tuileries gardens. They include well known works of G. F. Watts, Constantin Meunier, J. S. Sargent and others.

The Cluny museum occupies the old mansion of the abbots of that order (see above). It contains about r i,000 examples of mediaeval and Renaissance art-sculptures in marble, wood and stone, ivories, enamels and mosaics, pottery and porcelain, tap estries, bronzes, specimens of goldsmith's work, both religious and civil, including nine gold crowns of the 7th century found near Toledo, Venetian glass, furniture, iron-work, State carriages, ancient boots and shoes, and pictures.

The Carnavalet museum comprises a collection illustrating the history of Paris, and includes pictures, portraits, furniture, etc. The Petit Palais des Beaux-Arts contains art collections belong ing to the city (especially the Dutuit collection). The house of Gustave Moreau, rue Rochefoucauld, is now a museum of his paintings, and that of Victor Hugo, place des Vosges, contains a collection of objects relating to the poet. The Musee Jacquemart Andre, opened in 1913, has choice paintings, sculpture, tapestry, etc. The Musee Rodin is of special value for the great sculptor's work.

The Trocadero palace contains a museum of casts illustrating the progress of sculpture, chiefly that of France, from the r i th to the i8th century; it also possesses a collection of Khmer an tiquities from Cambodia and an ethnographical museum. In the same neighbourhood are the Guimet museum, containing the col lections of oriental pottery, of objects relating to the oriental religions, and of antiquities presented to the State in 1885 by Emile Guimet of Lyons; and the Galliera museum, erected by the duchess of Galliera and containing a collection of tapestries and other works of art belonging to the city. The Cernuschi orien tal museum is close to the Monceau park.

The collection of mss., engravings, medals and antiques in the rich Bibliotheque Nationale are important, as also are the industrial and machinery exhibits of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. The Musee de l'Armee at the Invalides has much historical interest.

The Musee des Antiquites Nationales, one of the most im portant of all archaeological collections, is housed near Paris in the château de St. Germain-en-Laye. The musee des Monnaies is

attached to the Mint, and exhibits coins, medals and plaquettes. The Jardin des Plantes has attached to it zoological, botanical, geological, mineralogical, palaeontological, anatomical and anthro pological galleries, and there is also a separate collection illustrat ing plant physiology.

For libraries see LIBRARIES.

Population.

The growth of the population since 18o1 is shown in the following table, which gives the population present on the census day, including the population comptee a part, i.e., troops, inmates of hospitals, prisons, schools, etc.

Paris is divided into 20 arrondissements, of which the first 12 belonged to it before 186i and the others were suburbs then annexed : In the first four, which constitute old Paris north of the Seine, with the islands, the population has long been decreasing, as this is the great business area. In arrondissements V.–VII., on the left or south bank, opposite nos. the population is tively stable, with a slight tendency to increase in the west. In arrondissements VIII.–XI., which fringe old Paris on the north bank, the tendency to decrease is very clear. In the arrondisse ments of the outer zone (XII.–XX.) there is a general increase of population, most marked in the south-west (XV. and XVI.) ; Nos. XIII.–XV. belong to the left bank. The east side of old Paris (III. and IV.), and arrondissement XI., fringing it, to the east, are the most densely-populated areas, and some parts of them are very closely packed indeed. Montmartre and Batignolles stand out in the matter of density of population in the outer zone.

Administration.

Paris occupies a large part of the depart ment of Seine, and the typical French departmental and municipal systems of administration are to some extent modified to meet the special circumstances. Paris has 20 divisions, called arron dissements, each containing four quarters, while the rest of the department includes two arrondissements with 22 cantons. The head of the administration of a department is a prefect, appointed by the minister of the Interior, and there is usually a sub-prefect for each arrondissement. In the case of the department of Seine and the City of Paris, the prefect is head of the administration of both, but there are no sub-prefects for the arrondissements within the city. There is a prefect of police, also appointed by the minister of the Interior, and his jurisdiction extends even be yond the department to a few communes that are practically parts of Paris.