PHILIP I. (1052-1108), king of France, eldest son of Henry I. of France and Anne, daughter of Jaroslav I. (d. 1054), grand duke of Kiev, came to the throne, when a child of eight, by the death of his father on Aug. 4, io6o. He had been crowned at Reims May 23, 1059. His minority came to an end in 1066. In the long reign that followed he showed no great ability or energy, and a looseness of morals which embroiled him with the Church. Before he was fifty years of age he became "fond of nothing but good cheer and sleep." But he increased the lands of his house around Paris, maintained order in them, and held his own against William I. and William II. of England, whose power in France far exceeded his own. This he accomplished for the most part by taking advantage of the quarrels among his vassals. During the years 1070-74 he greatly strengthened his position in Flanders by these means. In the struggle between Fulk Rechin and his brother Geoffrey the Bearded for the inheritance of their uncle, Geoffrey Martel (d. 1060), count of Anjou, Philip received from Fulk in 1069, as the price of his neutrality, Chateau Landon and the Gatinais. This acquisition linked the county of Sens, acquired in io55, with the rest of the domain round Paris, Melun and Orleans. War with William I. and William Rufus was chronic but intermittent. In his last years Philip left the duty of repelling the attacks of his Norman and other enemies to his son Louis, associating him with himself, as "king-designate," some time between May 24, 1o98, and Sept. 25, i ioo.
It was his second marriage which was the cause of Philip's greatest difficulties. On May 15, 1o92, he carried off Bertrada,
daughter of Simon, baron de Montfort, wife of Fulk Rechin, and prepared to marry her, though his wife Bertha was still living. The bishops, headed by Ivo, bishop of Chartres, refused to attend the ceremony of marriage, but one was found to perform it. Philip's open simony had long been a cause of friction with the papacy. When he added bigamy and adultery, Urban II. excom municated him. Philip was reconciled with the Church in and took an oath not to have any converse or society with Bertrada except in the presence of "non-suspect" persons. But they seem to have gone on living together, and even visited Fulk Rechin (Bertrada's husband) in company on Oct. 15, iio6. Philip died at the end of July 1108.
His reign is chiefly remarkable for the steady growth of the royal domain. By his first queen he had four children: Louis VI., who succeeded him; Henry, who died young; Charles; and Con stance, who married Hugh I., count of Champagne, and later Bohemund I., prince of Antioch. By Bertrada de Montfort he had three children : Philip, count of Montes ; Fleury or Florus, who married the heiress of Nangis ; and Cecilia, who married, first Tancred, prince of Galilee and Antioch, and secondly Pons de Saint Gilles, count of Tripoli.
See the Recueil des actes de Philippe I., ed. M. Pron (1908) , and B. Monod's Essai sur les rapports de Pascal II. avec Philippe I. (Paris, 1907). For notices of the principal chronicles of the time see A. Molinier, Les Sources de l'histoire de France (II., esp. p. 307 et seq.).