Petchenegs Or Patzinaks
Petchenegs Or Patzinaks [latin Bisseni], A Na Tion Which Played A Considerable Part In The Mediaeval History Of Eastern Europe. The Petchenegs Were A Turkish Race, Akin To The Cumans (q.v.), Whose Language, According To Anna Comnena, They Spoke. They Were Probably A Federation Formed Of The Earlier Bukuk And ...
Peter Des Roches
Peter Des Roches (d. 1238), Bishop Of Winchester Under John And Henry Iii., Was A Poitevin By Extraction. He Received The Office Of Chamberlain Towards The Close Of Richard's Reign, And Under Richard's Successor Became An Influential Coun Sellor. In 1205 He Became Bishop Of Winchester, And Though His Election ...
Peter I
Peter I., Called "the Great" (1672-1725), Emperor Of Russia, Son Of The Tsar Alexius Mikhailovich And Natalia Naruish Kina, Was Born At Moscow On May 3o, 1672. His Earliest Teacher (omitting The Legendary Scotsman Menzies) Was The Dyak, Or Clerk Of The Council, Nikita Zotov, Subsequently The Court Fool, Who ...
Peter I 1844 1921
Peter I. (1844-1921), First King Of The Serbs, Croats And Slovenes, Was The Eldest Son Of Alexander Karagjorgjevie, Who Had Been Elected As Prince Of Serbia On The Expulsion Of The Obrenovie Dynasty In 1842, And Was Therefore Grandson Of Kara George, The First Leader Of Serbian Independence. His Father ...
Peter Iii 1728 1762
Peter Iii. (1728-1762), Emperor Of Russia, Only Son Of Charles Frederick, Duke Of Holstein-gottorp, And Of Anne, Eldest Surviving Daughter Of Peter The Great, Was Born At Kiel On Feb. 21, 1728. In December 1741 He Was Adopted By His Aunt, Elizabeth Petrovna, As Soon As She Was Safely Established ...
Peter Lombard
Peter Lombard (c. Iioo—c. 116o), Bishop Of Paris, Bet Ter Known As Magister Sententiarum, The Son Of Obscure Parents, Was Born About The Beginning Of The 12th Century, At Novara (then Reckoned As Belonging To Lombardy). After Receiving His Education At Bologna, He Removed To France, Bearing A Recom Mendation ...
Peter Payne
Payne, Peter (c. English Lollard And Taborite, The Son Of A Frenchman By An English Wife, Was Born At Hough-on-the-hill Near Grantham, About 1380. He Was Edu Cated At Oxford, Where He Adopted Lollard Opinions, And Had Graduated As A Master Of Arts Before Oct. 6, 1406, When He Was ...
Peter Simon Pallas
Pallas, Peter Simon German Natural Ist And Traveller, Was Born In Berlin On Sept. 22, 1741, The Son Of Simon Pallas, A Surgeon. He Studied Medicine At Berlin, Halle, Gottingen And Leyden, And Showed A Leaning Towards Natural History. In 1761 He Went To England, Where He Devoted Himself To ...
Peter Of Blois Petrus
Peter Of Blois [petrus Blesensis] (c. 1135—c. 1205), French Writer, The Son Of Noble Breton Parents, Was Born At Blois. In 1167 He Went To Sicily, Where He Became Tutor To The Young King William Ii., And Keeper Of The Royal Seal. He Made Many Enemies And Soon Asked Permission ...
Peter The Hermit
Peter The Hermit, A Priest Of Amiens, Who May, As Anna Comnena Says, Have Attempted To Go On A Pilgrimage To Jerusalem Before 1096, And Have Been Prevented By The Turks From Reaching His Destination. It Is Uncertain Whether He Was Present At Urban's Great Sermon At Clermont In O95; ...
Peterborough
Peterborough, A City And Municipal Borough Of Northamptonshire, England, 76 M. N. From London By The L.n.e. Railway; Served Also By The L.m.s. Railway. Pop. (1931) 43,558. It Is Situated On The River Nene, On The Western Border Of The Fen Country. Peterborough (burgh, Burgus Sancti Petri), In Early Days ...
Peterhead
Peterhead, A Burgh And Seaport Of Aberdeenshire, The Most Easterly Town In Scotland. Pop. It Is Situ Ated About 33 M. By Road E.n.e. Of Aberdeen And 441 M. By Rail, On The L.n.e.r. The Town Is Built Of Locally Quarried Red Granite. A Statue To Field Marshal Keith (born ...
Petersburg
Petersburg, A City And A Port Of Entry Of Virginia, U.s.a., At The Head Of Navigation On The Appomattox River, Io M. From The James, And 2 2 M. S. Of Richmond; In Dinwiddie County, But Administratively Independent. It Is On Federal Highways I And 57-1, And Is Served By ...
Petersburg Campaign 1864 65
Petersburg Campaign (1864-65). The Name Of Petersburg Is Associated With Operations In The American Civil War, Which Formed The Sequel Of The Wilderness Campaign (q.v.) And The Last Act In The Struggle Between The Armies Of Grant And Lee For Supremacy. Petersburg And Richmond, Virginia, Connected By Rail And Covered ...
Petition
Petition, A Term Meaning Generally A Prayerful Request For Redress By A Person Aggrieved. It May Be Made In Great Britain To The Crown Or Its Officers, Or To Either House Of Parlia Ment, Or In Certain Cases To Courts Of Justice. The Right Of Petitioning The Crown Was Recognized ...
Petra
Petra (i = The Rock), A Ruined Site, 3o° 19' N. And 35° 31' E., In Trans-jordan, Lying In A Rock Basin On The Eastern Side Of The Wadi El-araba, The Great Valley That Continues The Rift Of Jordan Southward To The Gulf Of Aqaba. The Descriptions Of Strabo (xvi. ...
Petrarch
Petrarch (1304-1374)• Francesco Di Petracco (fran Cesco Petrarca), The Great Italian Poet And Humanist, Was Born At Arezzo On July 20,1304. His Father, Ser Petracco, Held A Post Of Notary In The Florentine Rolls Court Of The Rif Ormagioni ; But, Having Espoused The Same Cause As Dante During The ...
Petroleum
Petroleum Is Produced On A Commercial Scale In Some 25 Countries. Since First Recorded Commercial Production, Beginning In Rumania In 1857 And In The United States In 1859, The Earth Has Been Tapped For This Liquid Mineral To The Extent Of Over 33,000,000,000bbl. (of 42 U.s. Gal.), With The United ...
Petroleum
Petroleum In All The Countries And Areas Throughout The World Where Petro Leum Has Been Found To Exist Or Where There Has Been Geological Determination Of Oil Possibilities, Only In The United States Of America Have Studies Been Conducted To Evolve A Fairly Scientific Basis For Estimating Oil Reserves Or ...
Petrology
Petrology, The Science Of Rocks, The Branch Of Geology Concerned With The Investigation Of The Composition, Structure And History Of The Rock Masses Building Up The Accessible Portions Of The Earth's Crust (gr. 7r6-pos, Rock). Rocks Are Usually Defined As Aggregates Of Minerals Without Reference To Their State Of Cohe ...
Petronius Petronius Arbiter
Petronius (petronius Arbiter), Roman Satirist, Under Whose Name We Have Some Considerable Fragments Of A Remarkable Satire Or Satirical Romance (petronii Arbitri Satirae). We Find Various References To The Author In Later Writers, E.g., Macrob., Somn. Scip., I. 2.8 "plots Full Of The Fictitious Adventures Of Lovers With Which Arbiter ...
Pevensey
Pevensey, A Village In Sussex, England, 65 M. S.s.e. From London By The S.r. Pop. (1921) 764. It Was The Landing Place Of William The Norman On His Way To Conquer, And Was The Caput Of The Rape Of Pevensey, Granted By William To The Earl Of Mortain And Subsequently ...
Pewter
Pewter, An Alloy, The Basis Of Which Is Tin. It Is Mixed With Another Metal, Generally Lead, The Proportions Varying From Six To Four Parts Of The Former To One Of The Latter. Occasionally Brass Or Copper Takes The Place Of The Lead. The Rev. William Harrison, Writing In The ...
Phaedrus
Phaedrus, Roman Fabulist, Was By Birth A Macedonian And Lived In The Reigns Of Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius And Claudius. According To His Own Statement (prologue To Book Iii.), Not Per Haps To Be Taken Too Literally, He Was Born On The Pierian Moun Tain, But He Seems To Have Been ...
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis Is The Property Possessed By Many Animal Cells Of Engulfing Particles By Virtue Of Their Power Of Amoeboid Movement. Primarily This Power Was Directed Towards Nutrition But In Higher Organisms It Has Been Developed For Different Pur Poses And In Pathology At The Present Day Bears A Wider Meaning. ...
Phalaris
Phalaris, Tyrant Of Acragas (agrigentum) In Sicily, C. B.c. He Was Entrusted With The Building Of The Temple Of Zeus Atabyrius In The Citadel, And Took Advantage Of His Posi Tion To Make Himself Despot (aristotle, Politics, V. 1o). Under His Rule Agrigentum Seems To Have Attained Considerable Prosper Ity. ...
Pharaoh
Pharaoh (par`oh), The Hebraized Title Of The King Of Egypt (q.v.), In Egyptian Per-co; Pheron In Herodotus Represents The Same. Its Combination With The Name Of The King, As In Pharaoh-necho, Pharaoh-hophra, Is In Accordance With Con Temporary,native Usage: The Name Of The Earlier Pharaoh Shishak (sheshonk) Is Rightly Given ...
Pharisees
Pharisees, A Sect Of The Jews First Mentioned By Josephus, (ant. Xiii., 5, 9). Their Activity Extended Over A Period Of Three Centuries (from C. 135 B.c.—a.d. 135). They First Emerged As An Organized Party In The Reign Of John Hyrcanus And Were Active Down To The Time Of Hadrian. ...
Pharmacology
Pharmacology. In English-speaking Countries, And By The Majority Of German Writers, The Term Pharmacology Is Applied To The Study Of The Action Of Chemical Substances (as Apart From Foods) On All Kinds Of Animals, From Bacteria Up To Man; It Is, In Fact, A Comparative Study Of The Action Of ...
Pharmacopoeia
Pharmacopoeia, A Book Containing Directions For The Identification Of Simples And The Preparation Of Compound Medi Cines, And Published By The Authority Of A Government Or Of A Medical Or Pharmaceutical Society. The First Work Of The Kind Published Under Government Authority Appears To Have Been That Of Nuremberg In ...
Pharmacy
Pharmacy, The Art Of Preparing, Preserving And Com Pounding Medicines, According To The Prescriptions Of Physicians. The Term Was First Used In This Sense In 1597. The International Congresses Of Pharmacy, Held At Intervals From 1865 To 1913, Afforded Opportunity For The Discussion Of Questions Of Inter National Importance. Much ...
Pharnabazus
Pharnabazus, Persian Soldier And Statesman, The Son Of Pharnaces, Belonged To A Family Which From 478 B.c. Governed The Satrapy Of Phrygia On The Hellespont, From Its Headquarters At Dascylium. Pharnabazus First Appears As Satrap Of This Province In 413, When He Entered Into Negotiations With Sparta And Began War ...
Pharynx
Pharynx, In Anatomy, The Cavity Into Which Both The Nose And Mouth Lead, Which Is Prolonged Into The Oesophagus Or Gullet Below, And From Which The Larynx Or Air Tube Comes Off Below And In Front ; It Therefore Serves As A Passage Both For Food And Air. The Back ...
Pheasant
Pheasant, The Bird, According To Legend, Introduced By The Argonauts Into Europe From The Banks Of The Phasis (now Rion) In Colchis. Its Introduction Into England Has Been Attri Buted, As In The Case Of So Many Other Species (e.g., The Fallow Deer, The Edible Snail, And The Roman Nettle). ...
Pheidias
Pheidias, Son Of Charmides, Universally Regarded As The Greatest Of Greek Sculptors, Was Born At Athens About 500 B.c. Hegias Of Athens Was His First Master. To His Early Career Belong A Chryselephantine Athene For Pellene And A Marathon Memorial At Delphi. To This Period Also Belongs The Great Bronze ...
Pheidon
Pheidon (8th Or 7th Century B.c.), King Of Argos. Accord Ing To Tradition He Flourished During The First Half Of The 8th Cen Tury B.c. He Was A Vigorous And Energetic Ruler And Greatly In Creased The Power Of Argos. He Gradually Regained Sway Over The Various Cities Of The ...
Phenacetin
Phenacetin, A Drug Crystallizing From Water In Colourless Plates, Melting At 135° C. It Is Soluble In About 70 Parts Of Hot And In About 1,400 Parts Of Cold Water. It Is Prepared By Acetyl Ating Para-phenetidine, Or By Heating Para-acetylaminophenol And Potassium Ethyl Sulphate With Alcoholic Soda To 150° ...
Phenazine
Phenazine, In Organic Chemistry, The Parent Substance Of Many Dyestuffs, E.g., The Eurhodines, Toluylene Red, Indulines And Safranines. (see Dyes, Synthetic.) It May Be Obtained By Passing Aniline Vapour Over Lead Oxide, Or By The Oxidation Of Dihydrophenazine, Which Is Prepared By Heating Catechol With Orthophenylenediamine. It Is Also Formed ...
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein, An Organic Compound Of The Acomatic Series Which Has Two (i) As An Indicator For Acids And Bases In Volumetric Analysis; (2) As A Purgative Drug. The Phthaleins Are Prepared By Condensing Phenols With Phthalic Anhydride, Phenol Itself Giving Rise To Phenolphthalein Together With A Small Quantity Of Fluorane, ...
Phenomenalism
Phenomenalism, In Philosophy, Is A Name Applied To Several Different Schools Of Thought Which Maintain In Common That Human Knowledge (so-called) Is Confined To Phenomena In The Broad Sense Of The Term, According To Which It Denotes Gen Erally Events Or Things In Space And Time. But The Schools Differ ...
Pherecydes Of Leros
Pherecydes Of Leros, Greek Mythographer, Fl. C. 454 B.c. He Is Probably Identical With Pherecydes Of Athens, Al Though The Two Are Distinguished By Suidas (also By I. Lipsius, Quaestiones Logographicae, 1886). Numerous Fragments Of His Genealogies Of The Gods And Heroes, Variously Called Lo-ropiat, Rey Eaxoylat, Aiyrox9oves Have Been ...
Phigalia
Phigalia Or Phigaleia Or Clvyaxel.a; Mod. Pay Litsa), An Ancient Greek City On The River Neda In The South-west Angle Of Arcadia, Among Some Of The Highest Mountains In The Peloponnesus—mt. Cotylium And Mt. Elasum. In 659 B.c. Phigalia Was Taken By The Spartans, But Soon After Recovered Its Independence ...
Philadelphia
Philadelphia, The First City Of The State Of Pennsyl Vania, And Third In Population And Manufactures In The United States. It Was Planned By William Penn And Other Members Of The Society Of Friends Partly, If Not Chiefly, As A Haven Of Refuge For Persecuted Peoples, Who Like Themselves, Wished ...
Philae
Philae, An Islet In The Nile Above The First Cataract, Of Great Beauty And Interest, But Since The Completion Of The Aswan Dam In 19o2 Submerged Except For A Few Months Yearly, When The Water Is Allowed To Run Freely Through The Sluices Of The Aswan Dam. Philae Marks Also ...
Philanthropic Endowments
Philanthropic Endowments The Accumulation Of Great Fortunes In The United States And The Peculiar Appropriateness Of Benevolence In A Democracy Have Been Accompanied By An Exceptional Development Of Endowed Philanthropies. Benjamin Franklin (1706-9o) Wrote In His Will : "having My Self Been . . . Assisted To Set Up My ...
Philanthropy
Philanthropy. Almsgiving Is As Old As Man. In The Egyptian Book Of The Dead, As Ancient As The Nile Pyramids, There Is Found This Memorial Ascription : "he Gave Bread To The Hungry, Water To' The Thirsty, Raiment To The Naked; He Gave A Boat To The Man Who Had ...
Philaret Theodore Nikitich Romanov
Philaret [theodore Nikitich Romanov] ( ? I 553– 1633), Patriarch Of Moscow, Was The Second Son Of The Boyar Nikita Romanovich. During The Reign Of His First Cousin Theodore I. (1584-98), Theodore Romanov Distinguished Himself Both As A Soldier And A Diplomatist. On The Death Of The Childless Tsar, He ...
Philately
Philately. Postage Stamps Afford A Simple And Effective Means Of Collecting Fees Paid, Or Required To Be Paid, For The Trans Mission Of Matter Sent By Post. In 1653 The Petite Poste (local Post) In Paris Set Up By M. (afterwards Comte) De Villayer, As A Private Enterprise, But With ...
Philip I 1052 1108
Philip I. (1052-1108), King Of France, Eldest Son Of Henry I. Of France And Anne, Daughter Of Jaroslav I. (d. 1054), Grand Duke Of Kiev, Came To The Throne, When A Child Of Eight, By The Death Of His Father On Aug. 4, Io6o. He Had Been Crowned At Reims ...
Philip Ii 1165 1223
Philip Ii. (1165-1223), Known As Philip Augustus, King Of France, Son Of Louis Vii. And Adela, Daughter Of Theobald Ii., Count Of Champagne, Was Born On Aug. 21, 1165. On Nov. 1, 1179, He Was Associated With His Father As King By Being Crowned At Reims, And At Once His ...
Philip Ii 1527 1598
Philip Ii. (1527-1598), King Of Spain, Son Of The Emperor Charles V. And Isabella Of Portugal, Born At Valladolid On May 21, 1527. Philip Was Educated In Spain. The Emperor, As He Moved From One Part Of His Wide Dominions To Another And In The Camps Of His Armies, Watched ...
Philip Iii 1245 1285
Philip Iii. (1245-1285), Surnamed "the Bold" (le Hardi), King Of France, Son Of Louis Ix. And Margaret, Daughter Of Raymond-berenger Iv., Count Of Provence, Was Born On April 3, 1245. His Funeral Monument At St. Denis Depicts A Man With Beardless, Square-cut Features, But Lacking Character And Anima Tion. The ...
Philip Iv 1268 1314
Philip Iv. (1268-1314), Called "le Bel" Or "the Fair," King Of France, Was The Son Of Philip Iii. And His Wife, Isabella Of Aragon. His Reign, Which Began In October 1285, Is One Of The Most Momentous In The History Of Mediaeval Europe, Yet It Belongs Rather To The History ...
Philip The Bold 1342 1404
Philip The Bold (1342-1404), Duke Of Burgundy, Fourth Son Of John Ii. Of France And Bonne Of Luxemburg, Was Born On Jan. 15, 1342. He Earned His Surname By His Bravery On The Field Of Poitiers. He Accompanied King John Into Captivity In England. In 136o He Received The Title ...
Philip The Good 1396 1467
Philip The Good (1396-1467), Duke Of Burgundy, Son Of John The Fearless, Duke Of Burgundy, And Margaret Of Bavaria, Was Born At Dijon On June 13, 1396, And Succeeded His Father On Sept. F O, 1419. The Assassination Of John The Fearless (q.v.) Drove His Successor To The English Side. ...