Philip V

PHILIP V. (c. 1294-1322), "the Tall," king of France, sec ond son of Philip the Fair and Jeanne of Navarre, received the county of Poitiers as an appanage, and was affianced when a year old to Jeanne, daughter and heiress of Otto IV., count of Burgundy. The marriage took place in 1307 when he was thirteen years of age. When his elder brother, Louis X., died, on July 5, 1316, leaving his second wife, Clemence of Hungary, with child, Philip was appointed regent for eighteen years by the parliament of Paris, even in the event of a male heir being born. Clemence's son lived only four days, and Philip proclaimed himself king (Nov. 19, 1317). The barons all did homage except Edward II. of England, and Philip's position was secured. The war with Flanders, which had begun under Philip IV. the Fair, was brought to an end on June 2, 1320. The revolt of the Pastoureaux who assembled at Paris in 1320 to go on a crusade was crushed by the seneschal of Carcassonne, whither they marched. One of the spe cial objects of their hatred, the Jews, were also mulcted heavily by Philip, who extorted 150,000 livres from those of Paris alone. He died at Longchamp on the night of Jan. 2, 1322.

Philip was a lover of poetry, surrounded himself with Provencal poets and even wrote in Provencal himself, but he was also one of the most hard-working kings of the house of Capet. The in security of his position made him seek the support of national assemblies and of provincial estates. He published a series of ordinances organizing the royal household and affecting the finan cial administration, the "parlement" and the royal forests. He abolished all garrisons in the towns except those on the frontier, and provided for public order by allowing the inhabitants of his towns to arm themselves under the command of captains. He tried hard to procure a unification of coinage and weights and measures, but failed owing to the opposition of the estates. Philip as a reformer was in many ways before his time, but his people failed to understand him, and he died under the reproach of extortion.

See P. Lehugeur, Histoire de Philippe le Long (Paris, 1897) ; E. Lavisse, Histoire de France (Tome III., 2) ; and sources indicated in A. Molinier, Repertoire des sources de l'histoire de France (Paris, 2903).

PHILIP VI.

(1293-135o), king of France, was the son of Charles of Valois, third son of Philip III., the Bold, and of Mar garet of Sicily, and was thus the nephew of Philip IV., the Fair, whose sons, Louis X., Philip V. and Charles IV., died successively without leaving male heirs. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his cousin, Charles IV., in 1328. Before his accession Philip had enjoyed considerable influence, for he was count of Valois, Anjou, Maine, Chartres and Alencon. He had married in 1313 Jeanne (d. 1348), daughter of Robert II. of Burgundy, a determined woman who was long known as the real ruler of France.

When Charles IV. died, in Feb. 1328, his wife was enceinte, and it became necessary to appoint a regency until the birth of the child, who would, if a son, succeed to the throne. At the assembly of barons called to choose a regent, Edward III. of England, the nephew and nearest male relation of Charles IV., put in a claim. Edward III., however, descended from the royal house of France by his mother Isabel, and the barons, probably actuated by an objection to the regency of an English king, decided that neither a woman, "nor by consequence her son, could succeed to the king dom of France," and Philip of Valois, in spite of his belonging to a junior branch of the family, was elected regent. On the birth of a girl to the queen widow the regency naturally led to the throne of France, and Philip was crowned at Reims on May 29, 1328. Navarre had not accepted the regency, that kingdom being claimed by her husband for Jeanne, countess of Evreux, the eldest daughter of Louis X., the count of Evreux himself being, like Philip of Valois, a grandson of Philip the Bold. The new king

secured the friendship of the count by allowing Jeanne's claim to Navarre, in return for a renunciation of any right to Champagne. Edward III. of England, after more than one citation, reluctantly fulfilled (132o-22) the formalities of homage for part of Guienne. Meanwhile Philip VI. had won a victory, which he turned into a massacre, at Cassel (Aug. 23, 1328) over Bruges and the other towns of West Flanders, which under the leadership of Jakob van Artevelde had thrown off the authority of their count, Louis of Nevers. The count of Flanders was reinstated, and maintained his authority by a reign of terror.' Philip VI. enjoyed powerful alliances. In Italy he was allied with his uncle, Robert of Anjou, king of Sicily, and with his former enemy, Galeas Visconti; in the north with the duke of Brabant and the princes of the Netherlands; on the east with the reigning princes of Lorraine and Savoy; with the king of Bohemia and with Pope John XXII. at Avignon, and his successor, Benedict XII. In 1336 it seemed that the Crusade, for which Philip VI. had long been preparing, would at last start ; but the relations with Edward III. of England, always strained, became worse, and within a year France was embarked on the struggle of the Hundred Years' War. The causes which led to war, the conflict for com mercial supremacy in Flanders, disputed rights in Guienne, the help given by France to the Scots, and the unnatural situation of an English king who was also a vassal of the French Crown are dealt with elsewhere. (See FRANCE: History.) The immediate rup ture in Flanders was due chiefly to the tyranny of the count of Flanders, Louis of Nevers, whom Philip VI. had reinstated. Ed ward III. had won over most of Philip's German and Flemish allies, and the English naval victory at Sluys (June 24, 1340), in which the French fleet was annihilated, effectually restored English preponderance in Flanders. A truce followed, but this was dis turbed after a short duration by the disputed succession to the duchy of Brittany (q.v.). A truce made at Malestroit in 1343, at the invitation of the pope, was rudely broken by Philip's violence. Olivier de Clisson, who with fourteen other Breton gentlemen was suspected of intrigue with Edward III., was invited to a great tournament in Paris. On their arrival they were seized by Philip's orders, and without form of trial beheaded. Then followed Ed ward M.'s invasion of Normandy and the campaign of Crecy (q.v.). Philip's army was destroyed; he himself was wounded and fled from the field. He sought in vain to divert Edward from the siege of Calais by supporting the Scots in their invasion of Eng land; but eventually a truce was arranged, which lasted until 1351. Philip VI. died at Nogent-le-roi on Aug. 52, 1350.

Philip VI. met his necessities by the imposition of the hated gabelle or salt tax, which was invented by his legal advisers and he obtained heavy subsidies from the various provinces. Towards the close of his reign he acquired from Humbert II., comte de Vienne, the province of Dauphine, and Montpellier from the king of Majorca. Philip married a second wife, Blanche of Navarre. By his first wife he left two sons—his successor, John II., and Philip of Orleans, count of Valois.

See Continuations de la chronique de Guillaume de Nangis edited in 5843 by Geraud for the Soc. de l'hist. de France; Grandes chroniques de Saint Denis, vol. v. (1837), edition by Paulin Paris; E. Deprez, Les preliminaires de la guerre de cent ans, 1328-1342 (Paris, 1902), based on texts from the English Record Office and the Vatican ; Paul Viollet, Histoire des institutions politiques de la France vol. ii. (Paris, 2898) ; and E. Lavisse, Hist. de France, vol. iv. pt. i. (1902), ny A. Colville. Further references will be found in Nos. 3,095-3,112 and 3,165-3,240 of A. Molinier's Sources de l'histoire de France, vol. iv. (Paris, 1904).