Philip
Philip (c. 1177-1208), German King And Duke Of Swabia, The Rival Of The Emperor Otto Iv., Was The Fifth And Youngest Son Of The Emperor Frederick I. And Beatrix, Daughter Of Renaud Iii., Count Of Upper Burgundy, And Brother Of The Emperor Henry Vi. He Entered The Church, Was Made ...
Philip V
Philip V. (c. 1294-1322), "the Tall," King Of France, Sec Ond Son Of Philip The Fair And Jeanne Of Navarre, Received The County Of Poitiers As An Appanage, And Was Affianced When A Year Old To Jeanne, Daughter And Heiress Of Otto Iv., Count Of Burgundy. The Marriage Took Place ...
Philippa Of Hainaut
Philippa Of Hainaut (c. 1314-1369), Queen Of The English King Edward Iii., Was The Daughter Of William The Good, Count Of Holland And Hainaut, And His Wife Jeanne De Valois, Granddaughter Of Philip Iii. Of France. By A Special Dispensation Of The Pope, Philippa Was Married To Her Cousin Edward ...
Philippine Islands
Philippine Islands, An Archipelago, Named After Philip Ii. Of Spain, Of Approximately 7,083 Islands, Belonging To The United States, About Soo M. Off The S.e. Coast Of Asia, Between Lat. 4° 41' And 21° Io' N., And Long. 116° 4o' And 126° 34' E. To The West And North Is ...
Philippopolis
Philippopolis (bulg. Plovdiv), The Second Town Of Bul Garia, Capital Of The Department Of The Same Name, And Seat Of An Archbishopric, Is Situated On The Right Bank Of The Maritsa, 96 M. E.s.e. Of Sofia, And On The Main Belgrade-constantinople Railway. Pop. 100,485, The Majority Being Bulgars, The Remainder ...
Philo
Philo, Often Called Philo Judaeus, Jewish Philosopher, Appears To Have Spent His Whole Life At Alexandria, Where He Was Probably Born C. 20-10 B.c. His Father Alexander Was Alabarch Or Arabarch (that Is, Probably, Chief Farmer Of Taxes On The Arabic Side Of The Nile), From Which It May Be ...
Philolaus
Philolaus (b. C. 480), Greek Philosopher Of The Pytha Gorean School, Born At Tarentum Or At Crotona (so Diog. Laert. Viii. 84), Was Probably A Teacher Of Democritus. After The Death Of Pythagoras Great Dissensions Prevailed In The Cities Of Lower Italy. According To Some Accounts, Philolaus, Obliged To Flee, ...
Philology
Philology. The Word Philology Is Here Taken As Mean Ing The Science Of Language, I.e., The Study Of The Structure And Development Of Languages, Thus Corresponding To Linguistics (fr. Linguistique And Ger. Sprachwissenschaft), But Differing From Philology, As It Is Generally Understood On The Continent And Sometimes In England Where ...
Philopatris
Philopatris, The Title Of A Dialogue Formerly Attributed To Lucian, But Now Generally Admitted To Be Spurious. The Scene Is Laid At Constantinople. A Certain Triephon, Who Has Been Con Verted To Christianity By A Bald, Long-nosed Galilaean, Who Was Carried Up Through The Air Into The Third Heaven (an ...
Philopoemen 253 184 Bc
Philopoemen (253-184 B.c.), Greek General, Was Born At Megalopolis, And Educated By The Academic Philosophers Ecde Mus And Demophanes Or Megalophanes. In 233-2 Philopoemen Skilfully Evacuated Megalopolis Before The Attack Of Cleomenes Iii., And Distinguished Himself At Sellasia (222). The Next Eleven Years He Spent As A Condottiere In Crete. ...
Philosophical Articles
Philosophical Articles. The Most Important Philosophical Articles Contained In Tnis Encyclopaedia May Be Enumerated In Three Groups, Namely (i) The Key Articles Dealing Either With The Whole Field Or With One Of The Main Divisions Of Philosophy; (2) Articles Devoted To Particular Philosophical Schools Or Tendencies In The History Of ...
Philosophy And Philosophical Studies
Philosophy And Philosophical Studies. Philosophy Is A General Term Whose Meaning And Scope Have Varied Very Considerably According To The Usage Of Different Authors In Different Ages. It Can Best Be Explained By A Survey Of The Steps By Which Philosophy Differentiated Itself, In The History Of Greek Thought, From ...
Philoxenus
Philoxenus (syriac, Aksenaya) (fl. C. Zoo) Of Mabbog, One Of The Best Of Syriac Prose Writers, And A Vehement Cham Pion Of Monophysite Doctrine. He Was By Birth A Persian, Born At Too, In The District Of Beth Garmai East Of The Tigris. He Was Educated At Edessa. Philoxenus Soon ...
Phlox
Phlox (family Polemoniaceae), A Genus Of About 6o Species, Mostly Perennial Hardy Plants Of Great Beauty, Natives Of North America (one Occurs In Siberia), With Entire, Usually Oppo Site, Leaves And Showy Flowers Generally In Terminal Clusters. Each Flower Has A Tubular Calyx With Five Lobes, And A Salver Shaped ...
Phocaea
Phocaea (mod. Fokia Or Fokha), An Ancient City On The Western Coast Of Asia Minor, Famous As The Mother City Of Mar Seilles. It Was The Most Northern Of The Ionian Cities, And Was Situ Ated On The Coast Of The Peninsula Which Separates The Gulf Of Cyme, Occupied By ...
Phocion
Phocion, Athenian Statesman And General, Was Born About 402 B.c., The Son Of A Small Manufacturer. He Became A Pupil Of Plato And In Later Life Was A Close Friend Of Xenocrates. Under Chabrias He Distinguished Himself In The Great Sea-fight Of Naxos (376), And Subsequently Won The Confidence Of ...
Phocis
Phocis, An Ancient District Of Central Greece (now A De Partment, Pop. C. 65,000, Area, 625 Sq.m.), Bounded On The W. By Ozolian Locris And Doris, On The N. By Opuntian Locris, On The E. By Boeotia, And On The S. By The Corinthian Gulf. The Mas Sive Ridge Of ...
Phoenicia
Phoenicia, In Ancient Geography, The Name Given To That Part Of The Seaboard Of Syria Which Extends From The Eleutherus (nahr El-kebir) In The North To Mt. Carmel In The South, A Dis Tance Of Rather More Than Two Degrees Of Latitude. These Limits, However, Were Exceeded At Various Times; ...
Phoenix
Phoenix, The Capital And Largest City Of Arizona, U.s.a., And The County-seat Of Maricopa County; On The Salt River, At An Altitude Of I,ioo Ft., Midway Between El Paso And Los Angeles. It Is On Federal Highways 8o And 89; Has A Municipal Airport ; And Is Served By The ...
Phoenix_2
Phoenix, A Fabulous Bird, Sacred To The Sun (gr. 436114e, Apparently "bright-coloured"; 4)6tvc Also Means "a Palm-tree"). From Statements In A Large Number Of Classical And Post-classical Authors, Ranging From The 5th Century B.c. (herodotus, Perhaps Hecataeus) To The Middle Ages (isaac Tzetzes) The Following Account Is Obtained : The ...
Phonetics
Phonetics Is The Science Of The Pronunciation Of Languages. It Is Concerned With The Mechanism By Which Speech-sounds Are Formed, The Manner Of Combining Sounds So As To Make Syllables, Words And Sentences, The Treatment Of Speech-sounds In Different Languages As Regards Their "attributes" (length, Stress And Voice Pitch), The ...
Phonolite
Phonolite, In Petrology, A Group Of Alkaline Lavas Contain Ing Much Nepheline And Sanidine Felspar (gr. Cbcovi?, Sound. And Small Rounded Enclosures Of Glass Are Often Numerous In Them. The Pyroxenes May Be Pale Green Diopside, Dark Green Aegirine Augite, Or Blackish Green Aegirine (soda Iron Pyroxene), And In Many ...
Phormion
Phormion, Athenian Admiral In The 5th Century B.c., Was The Son Of Asopius, Of The Deme Paeania. He First Appears In 44o B.c. When He Was Sent With Reinforcements To The Athenian Troops Mos, Stone). The Term "clinkstone" Was Formerly Given By Geol Ogists To Many Fine-grained Compact Lavas, Which ...
Phormium Or New Zealand
Phormium Or New Zealand Flax (also Called "new Zealand Hemp"), A Fibre Obtained From The Leaves Of Phor Mium Tenax (family Liliaceae), A Native Of New Zealand, The Chatham Islands And Norfolk Island. This Plant Was Discovered By Sir Joseph Banks And Dr. Solander, Who Accompanied Captain Cook On His ...
Phoronis
Phoronis. Phoronis Is One Of Those Limbless Creatures Pop Ularly Termed "worms." It Is, However, So Peculiar In Its Structure That It Is Given A Class To Itself, Phoronidea. There Are A Good Many Species Found All Over The World, But They Are So Alike That They Are Placed In ...
Phosphates
Phosphates, Salts Of Phosphoric Acid. Phosphoric Oxide, P205 Or P4010 (tilden And Barnett, V. Inf .), Combines With Water In Three Proportions To Form Or Metaphosphoric Acid; Or Pyrophosphoric Acid; And Or Orthophosphoric Or Ordinary Phosphoric Acid. These Acids Each Give Origin To Several Series Of Salts, Those Of Ordinary ...
Phosphonic Salts And Oxides
Phosphonic Salts And Oxides Phosphonium Salts.—the Chloride, Large Transparent Cubes Can Be Obtained By Direct Combination Of Phosphine And Hydrogen Chloride At —30° C But Decomposes On Rise Of Tempera Ture. The Bromide May Be Prepared Similarly Or By Heating Phos Phorus With Hydrobromic Acid At 110° In Sealed Tubes; ...
Phosphorescence
Phosphorescence. Physicists Apply The Word Phos Phorescence To The Emission Of Light At Low Temperatures By Cer Tain Substances (chiefly Sulphides), After Previous Exposure To Light Or Radiation Of Other Kinds. However, Common Usage Has Made It Applicable To The Glow Of Phosphorus, Or Of The Sea, Or Of Dead ...
Phosphorus
Phosphorus, A Non-metallic Element, First Known As Phosphorus Mirabilis Or Igneus. (symbol P, Atomic Number 55. Atomic Weight 30.98.) It Is Never Found Free, But Is Widely And Abundantly Distributed In Combination As Phosphates (q.v.). It Is Essential To Animal And Vegetable Life, Occurring In Urine, Blood And Tissues, And, ...
Photius
Photius (c. 82o-891), Patriarch Of Constantinople (858 867 And 878-886). The Way To Public Life Was Probably Opened For Him By The Marriage Of His Brother Sergius To The Princess Irene, Sister Of Theodora, Who, Upon The Death Of Her Husband Theophilus In 842, Had Assumed The Regency Of The ...
Photo Engraving
Photo-engraving. One Of The Photomechanical Processes, The Generic Term Being Applied Chiefly To The Making Of Etched Metal Printing Plates Or Blocks (zinc, Copper, Brass, Etc.), The Design Being In Relief For Typographical (letter-press) Printing. Parts Of The Process Are Also Used In The Photo-lithographic And Rotogravure Processes For The ...
Photochemistry
Photochemistry Is That Division Of Physical Chem Istry Which Deals With The Chemical Action Of Radiant Energy On Matter, And With The Direct Production Of Radiation By Chemical Reactions. The Field Of Photochemistry Might Be Regarded As Being Equally As Extensive As The Range Of Electromagnetic Vibra Tions ; From ...
Photoelectricity
Photoelectricity. The Photoelectric Effect Is The Name Given To The Power Shown By Light, X-rays And Y-rays Of Causing A Body To Emit Electrons, Or Negative Electricity. Light, X-rays And Y-rays Are All Electromagnetic Radiations Differing Only In Their Wave-lengths, That Of Light Being The Longest ; And It Is ...
Photographic Art
Photographic Art. Although Photography Was Brought Into Being By Artists And Would-be Artists In Search Of A New Pictorial Method, There Has Been Comparatively Little Work Produced In This Medium Worthy Of The Name Of Art. The Major Ity Of Workers Who Have Attempted To Use Photography As A Means ...
Photographic Lenses
Photographic Lenses Historical.—the Earliest Form Of Photographic Objective Was An Adaptation Of W. H. Woolaston's Single Periscopic Meniscus Lens As Applied By Him To The Camera Obscura In 1812. This Was Achromatised By C. Chevalier For Use About 1839 By .daguerre, But Was Not Corrected For Chemical Focus. The First ...
Photographic Manufacture
Photographic Manufacture The Manufacture Of Photographic Sensitive Materials Is A Very Specialised Industry. Approximately 40,000 People Are Employed In The Whole Photographic Industry Throughout The World, About 20,000 Being Engaged In The Manufacture Of Materials Sensitive To Light, With Which This Section Deals, And The Remainder In The Manufacture Of ...
Photographic Photometry
Photographic Photometry Here, We Are Dealing With A Problem Which Differs Considerably In Detail From The Visual Procedure. We Can No Longer Vary The Light Of A Star By Some Device Such As A Nicol Prism Until It Is Equal In Brightness To A Standard. But On A Plate Which ...
Photography
Photography, The Science And Art Of Producing Pic Tures By The Action Of Light On Chemically Prepared (sensitized) Materials. (gr. Cbws, Light, And 7packtv, To Write.) The Practice Of Photography Depends Upon The Sensitiveness Of Silver Compounds To Light. When Silver Bromide, Dispersed In A Suitable Medium Such As Gelatine, ...
Photography In Medicine
Photography In Medicine There Are Three Principal Applications Of Photography In Medical Work, Namely : (a) Radiography; (b) Photomicrography, And (c) Record Photography, I.e., The Photographing Of Patients Speci Mens, Apparatus, Etc. The Last Named Section Is A Particular Branch Of Technical Photography And Often The Results Obtained Are Unsatisfactory ...
Photogravure Machine
Photogravure (machine). Photogravure (ma Chine Printed) Is A Photo-mechanical Intaglio Printing Process. By This Method Prints Are Obtained From A Plate Or Cylinder Upon Which The Design Is Etched Below The Surface. The Subject To Be Reproduced Is Photographed And "reticulated" By Means Of A Ruled Screen, The "cavities" Varying ...
Photometry
Photometry Is, As Its Name Signifies, The Measurement Of Light (gr. /7.s, Ocoros, Light, I.4rpov, A Measure). Just As Me Trology Includes The Measurement Of Various Related Quantities, E.g., Length, Volume And Density, So Photometry Includes The Meas Urement Of Luminous Intensity (candle-power), Luminous Flux, Illumination And Brightness. It Will ...