Life.—During the early years of the U.S. occupation, Gregorio Aglipay, a former Roman Catholic secular priest, together with a layman, Isabel() de los Reyes, established a new cult known as the Aglipayan Church. The Jesuits were expelled in 1769 and did not return until 1859, when they entered as a missionary and teaching organization. They founded the Manila Ateneo, which was the best institution of high school rank established during the Spanish regime. In the 19th century the Capuchins and the Benedictines established themselves in Manila. Since 1898 a Belgian missionary order and the Christian Brothers have established themselves. In 1901, Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, United Brethren and Con gregationalists formed an evangelical union and apportioned the mission field as the friar orders had done several centuries before. The census of 1918 shows 2,771 Roman Catholic, 540 Aglipayan and 486 Protestant churches.
There were no public schools until 1863, when they were estab lished by royal decree. In 1866, it was reported that over 230,000 children were attending the public schools. Before i600 a school had been established by private bequest, which in 1601 became the College of San Jose and was in charge of the Jesuits. The Jesuits also established the college of San Ignacio, and the religious orders had seminaries and primary schools. More pre tentious was the college of Santo Tomas, founded by the Domin icans early in the I7th century; it was declared a royal university in 1645, and still exists—the oldest university under the American flag. In the same century the Dominicans founded the school of San Juan de Letran, which still exists. English was made the medium of instruction in 1923.
Very soon after the U.S. occupation, the first American public schools were opened, the first teachers being soldiers. In 1901, 1,000 teachers were sent from the United States to teach and to train Filipino teachers. Instruction has been from the beginning in English, with the consequence that now more Filipinos use Eng lish than used Spanish during the old regime. The vice governor is the secretary of public instruction, and under him is the bureau of education. During the American period over 600,00o children have completed the primary grade, about 170,000 the intermediate grades, and over 16,000 have graduated from the high schools. A prominent feature has been vocational and industrial training, compulsory after the first grade. In 1925-26, there were 7,459 public schools (enrolment, 1,108,955). That year there were 311 American teachers (112 male) and 25,193 Filipino teachers (14, 840 male). In 1927, the total enrolment in 5,993 primary and 1,242 intermediate schools was 1,097,127. The University of the Philippines was founded by virtue of an act of the Philippine legislature of June 18, 1908. (See MANILA.) In 1926, there were
699 private schools, with a total enrolment of 88,001 (50,276 males). Among the more pretentious non-sectarian institutions are the Far Eastern college, the University of Manila and the National university. (See MANILA.) There are now over 4,000 school libraries with almost 950,000 books. Private and public welfare agencies are supervised by the Public Welfare Board. In 1926, there were 34 Government hospitals, with 45,046 patients; and 943 Government dispensaries, which treated 924,861 people.
In 1897, imports were valued at approximately $9,600,000, and exports at $22,083,000; and in 1926, at $118,299,000 and $136,884,500 respectively. In
the whole foreign trade was valued at $271,500,000. In 1927, the total trade with the United States was valued at $187,500,000 (69.09%). The principal items imported in 1926 were: cotton goods ($28,235,000) and iron and steel ($13,521,000). The principal exports were : sugar ($32,229,500); abaca
; coconut oil
and copra ($18,586,500). In 1913 the Underwood Tariff Act abolished all duties between the United States and the Philippines. In 1926, there were, in addition to the Philippine National Bank, seven other domestic banks and four foreign banks and trust companies. Their resources totalled almost $122,800,000.
The national wealth of the Philip pines was estimated at
pesos in 1923. Money is on a gold basis, the unit being the peso, which is stabilized at 5o cents U.S. The parity of the silver peso with the theoretical gold peso (the latter being the unit of value in the Philippine Islands, consisting of I2A grains of gold,
fine) is maintained by the gold standard fund, which must not be less than 15% of the money of the Philippine Islands in circulation and available therefor; a percentage to be increased until it equals 25% of the total circulation. The standard gold fund balance in 1926 was about 21,700,000 pesos. The subsidiary coinage consists of one, five, ten, 20 and 5o centavo pieces (one centavo being equal to U.S.
cent). On Dec. 31, 1927, the bonded indebtedness of the insular, provincial and municipal governments was 167,985,000 pesos, and the sinking funds were approximately 38,543,000 pesos. In 1926 insular taxation amounted to approximately 59,232,000 pesos; city of Manila taxation, to
provincial taxation, to 10,946,000; and municipal taxation to 12,222,000 pesos. Cus toms collections in 1926 were approximately 21,180,000 pesos; internal revenue taxes, 54,544,000; income tax (1925), 2,343,000; and real estate tax, 14,537,000 pesos. The budget estimate in 1927 was: income, 73,153,100 pesos; expenditures 71,918,589. Receipts and expenditures of the Insular Government for 1926 amounted to 83,801,854 and 97,633,642 pesos respectively.