Meanwhile the gradually expanding idea of Filipino nationality began to manifest itself. The campaign of Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Lopez Jaena and Apolinario Mabini, leaders in the "Young Filipino Party," was a protest against both the domination of the friars and economic and administrative caciquism. These aspira tions met a sympathetic reception from several governors. But other Spaniards, especially the friars, were diametrically opposed; and much of the old easy and cordial intercourse between the two peoples was changed. Rizal threw himself into the propaganda with eagerness. In 1891 he founded at Hongkong an organization called the Liga Filipina, and in 1892, formed a branch at Manila. He was arrested in 1896 at Barcelona, returned to the Philippines, given a farcical trial and executed on Dec. 3o, 1896. At about the time of Rizal's establishment of the Liga Filipina there was also founded an organization called "Supreme Worshipful Associa tion of the Sons of the People," which is generally called the Katipunan. The organization was altogether Tagalog and is said to have numbered anywhere from ioo,000 to 400,000 members.
On Aug. 26, 1896, the actual insurrection broke out. "The cry of Balintawak" is the name given to the first hostilities by the Fili pinos. The centre of the revolt was at Cavite, where Emilio Aguinaldo first came into prominence. Spain sent over reinforce ments until there was an army of 28,000 besides a few loyal regi ments of native soldiers. A stiff campaign of 52 days brought the defeat of the insurgents, but upon the execution of Rizal, the insurrection broke out again and . , , ' • spread to the provinces of '''' \ ' ' N '''+' ' 1 '1' ' ,.`‘, ''' \ i - Pangasinan, Zambales and Ilocos. ''',, ' .- - "4014k _,: ..:,, P Fernando Primo de Rivera 1: -?, ,!• i„. , jednoedanndecgoonticaltuidoneds with hAegiuni: %ore) surgents the pact of 4 *4 - .. 0 S Bat& Accordingly, Aguinaldo . err - - NM left for Hongkong on Dec. 27, BY COURTESY OF THE U.S. BUREAU OF 1897. With the blowing up of the