PROTOGUEROFF, ALEXANDER NICHOLOFF (1867-1928), Macedonian revolutionary leader, was born at Ochrida, Macedonia, in 1867. He went to the military school of Sofia, and, after some military service in Bulgaria, joined the Macedonian movement in 1895 and commanded a band of insur gents. He was a moderate member of the Superior Macedonian committee in Sofia, a rival of the Secret committee which was responsible for the rising of 1903. From 1908 to 191r Protogueroff served in the army, and after a period in retirement, was elected in 1912 president of the Executive committee of the Macedonian societies. When the World War broke out he organized the r ith Macedonian division, and commanded the 3rd brigade, later be coming assistant to the Bulgarian governor of Macedonia. In Sept. 1918 he was made commandant of Sofia, and maintained order when the Bulgarians were driven back. Later he left the
army and entered politics, being arrested on Nov. 4, 1919, with Radoslavoff's cabinet. He escaped, and after two years in hiding, reached Macedonia in Oct. 1921, where he joined Todor Alex androff, the Macedonian leader, and his chief lieutenant Peter Chaiileff. On Aug. 31, 1924, Alexandroff was assassinated by Chailleff's friends, as a result, it is supposed, of an agreement be tween Chatileff and the Communists. Protogueroff in his turn arranged for the assassination of four of the persons responsible for Alexandroff's death. Chaidleff himself was assassinated on Dec. 23, 1924, and two more of his followers in the following year. During the later years of his life Gen. Protogueroff retired from active participation in the revolutionary movement, and became interested in spiritualism.