CENSUSES OF PRODUCTION IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES While the taking of a census of industrial establishments, deal ing with the numbers employed, the mechanical power used and the character of the industry in which they are engaged, is a fairly common practice, and is in some cases supplemented by particulars of the principal goods produced, only a small number of countries make a practice of carrying out a survey that will yield data relating to production, and not merely to products. In the United States that course has been long established, and has been carried out since the World War at biennial intervals. The Dominion of Canada early adopted the practice of its powerful neighbour. Passing from a decennial to a quinquennial enquiry after 1900, the system of annual returns was established from 1917. The particulars obtained cover the total of wages and sal aries paid as well as the particulars obtained in this country and information regarding materials used is obtained in some detail.
Annual enquiries of a similar character have been carried out in Australia since 1903, in New Zealand since 1918-19 (following quinquennial enquiries extending back to 1867) and in the Union of South Africa since 1915-16.
In Europe periodic enquiries of the character of the censuses of manufacturing industry in the leading Anglo-Saxon countries have not been carried out in the more important manufacturing coun tries. In Germany, before the war, certain industries were selected for special study, and annual particulars were obtained in respect of these from 1907 onwards. In Russia an enquiry on the Anglo Saxon model was carried out for the year 1908. In Norway there was an incomplete enquiry for the year 1909 and in Sweden a very careful study of some of the country's principal manu facturing industries was carried out as part of a plan for dealing in a nine-year cycle with the whole of the industries. The results published were contained in three reports issued in the period 1914-1917. In Holland a census of production was found neces sary in connection with war-time organization, and in 1918 an enquiry was made relating to 1916 and 1913. Later enquiries have been arranged on the principle of covering the principal indus, tries by yearly instalments in periods of five years. In Norway
the enquiry of 1909 was repeated in 1916 on a more complete basis, and a new inquiry is in progress.
More extended enquiries regarding production have been begun or planned in a number of countries since the war. In some cases the particulars to which the enquiry relates are sufficiently ex tensive to furnish not merely a census of products, but a census of production. This appears to be the case with the Bulgarian enquiry commenced in 1922, the summary results of which were published in 1924. The Irish Free State has commenced the publication of the results of a census of production in that State in 1926. The reports are distinguished from those of Great Brit ain in the detail furnished, which extends to particulars of leading materials used and wages paid, the larger and smaller establish ments being generally grouped separately.