Plevna

PLEVNA (Bulgarian Pleven), a city in Bulgaria; on the Tutchinitza, and Sofia-Varna railway (opened in 1899). Pop. (1926), 26,636. A branch line, 25 m. long, connects Plevna with Samovit on the Danube, where a port has been formed. After the events of 1877, it was almost entirely forsaken by the Turks, and most of the mosques have gone to ruin; but, peopled now mainly by Bulgarians, it has quite recovered its prosperity, and has a large commerce in cattle and wine (see Russo-TuRiusH ARs) Plevna, a small and unknown town without fortifications, became celebrated as the scene of Osman Pasha's exploits. He left Widin on July 13 with a column consisting of some 12,000 men and 54 guns. Hearing that he was too late to relieve Nikopol, he pushed on to Plevna, where there was a small garrison and on July 19 he took up a position on the bare hills to the north and east. He was none soon. General Schilder-Schuldner, com manding the 5th division of the IX. corps, which had just captured Nikopol, had been ordered to occupy Plevna, and his guns were already in action. On July 20, having made no preliminary recon naissance, the Russian commander advanced his infantry in four separate columns. On the north flank they pressed into Bukova, and also succeeded in driving back the Turkish right wing; but in both cases Turkish counter-attacks pressed back the Russians, with the result that by noon they were in full retreat, having lost 2,800 men out of a total of 8,000. The Turks lost 2.000. Osman at once drew up plans for the fortification of the position, and the troops were employed night and day constructing redoubts and entrenchments. In order to secure his line of communications, he occupied Lovcha (Lovatz). The Plevna garrison had now been reinforced to 20,000. Trenches were 4 ft. deep and the redoubts had a command of io to 16 ft., with parapets about 14 ft. thick. There were in some cases two lines of trench to the front, thus giving three tiers of fire.

Second Battle of Plevna.

In accordance with orders from the Russian headquarters at Tirnova, a fresh attack was made by Krudener on July 3o. He had been reinforced and his force num bered nearly 40,000 with 176 guns. Af ter a preliminary cannonade the infantry advanced at 3 P.M., as before in widely spread col umns. The columns attacking from the north and north-east were repulsed with heavy loss. Shakovskoi temporarily occupied two redoubts, but a counter-stroke by the Turkish reserves forced him back. The Russians retreated, their losses amounting to 7.300, while the Turkish losses exceeded 2,000. The victory was decisive, but Osman again failed to pursue. His troops were elated by success, the moral of the enemy severely shaken, the undefended Russian bridge over the Danube was within 4o m. of him, but he lost his opportunity, and contented himself with strengthening his defensive works. It is said that he was tied down to Plevna by orders from Constantinople.

The Russians now concentrated all their available forces against Plevna and called in the aid of the Rumanians. By the end of August they had assembled a force of 74,00o infantry, i o,000 cavalry and 44o guns. On August 3o Osman moved out of Plevna, and on the 31st attacked the Russians about Pelishat. He returned

to Plevna the same evening. The Turks lost 1,300 and the Rus sians r,000 men. The Russians determined to occupy Lovcha, and so cut Osman's communications before again attacking Plevna. After three days' fighting this was accomplished by Skobelev, act ing under Imeretinski, with a force of 20,000 men, on September 3. Osman moved out to the relief of the garrison that day with a strong column, but, finding he was too late, returned to Plevna on the 6th. The survivors from Lovcha were re-formed into 3 bat talions, including which Osman had been reinforced to a strength of over 30,000, with 72 guns.

Third Battle of Plevna.

The Russians moved to their pre liminary positions on the night of September 6-7. Their plan was to attack the north-east, south-east and south fronts simul taneously. An artillery bombardment began at 6 A.M. on Septem ber 7, and was carried on till 3 P.M. on the i ith, when the infantry advanced. The Rumanians took one Grivitza redoubt ; Skobelev occupied two redoubts on the south front, but the centre attack on the Radischevo front failed. On the 12th the Turks recaptured the southern redoubts, the Rumanians remained in possession of the Grivitza redoubt, but the Russian losses already amounted to 18,000 and they withdrew, and entrenched themselves on a line Verbitza-Radischevo, with cavalry on either flank to the Vid. The Turkish losses totalled 5,000, of which only a few hundred were caused by the artillery fire of the first few days. There was no question of pursuit. The Russians were greatly superior in num bers and the Turks were completely exhausted.

Investment and Fall of Plevna.

This was the last open force attack on Osman's lines. General Todleben, the defender of Sevastopol, was now entrusted with the conduct of the siege, and he determined to complete the investment, which was accom plished by October 24, Osman's request to retire from Plevna having been refused by Constantinople. Supplies eventually gave out and a sortie on the night of Dec. 9–io failed, with the result that he and his army capitulated.

Plevna is a striking example of the futility of the purely passive defence, which is doomed to failure however tenaciously carried out. Osman Pasha repelled three Russian attacks and practically held the whole Russian army. It remained for the other Turkish forces in the field to take the offensive and .by a vigorous counter stroke to reap the fruits of his successes. Victories which are not followed up are useless. (J. H. V. C.) See W. V. Herbert, The Defence of Plevna, 1877 (London, 1895) ; F. V. Greene, The Russian Army and its Campaign in Turkey (Lon don 188o) ; General Kuropatkin (Ger. trans. by Krahmer), Kritische Ri4Ablicke auf den russisch-thrkischen Krieg; Mouzaffer Pacha and Talaat Bey, Defense de Plevna; Krahmer's German translation of the Russian Official History ; General H. Langlois, Lessons of Two Recent Wars (Eng. trans., War Office, 191o) ; Th. von Trotha, Kampf urn Plevna (Berlin, 1878) ; Vacaresco (Ger. trans.), Rumdniens Antheil am Kriege, 1877-1878 (Leipzig, 1888).