The normal type evolved from this fusion of many races is dark-haired. sallow-skinned, brown eyed and of low stature. The staple diet of the labouring classes and small farmers is fish, especially the dried codfish called bacalhdo, rice, beans, maize bread and meal, olive oil, fruit and vegetables. Meat is rarely eaten except on festivals. Drunken ness is extremely rare. There is no single national dress, but a great variety of picturesque costumes are worn. The sashes, broad-brimmed hats and copper-tipped quarter-staves of the men, and the brilliant cotton dresses and gold or silver fili gree ornaments worn on holidays by the women are common throughout the country and may be seen at their best at bull fights and at the romarias or pilgrimages, which combine re ligion with the attractions of a fair. The national sport of bull fighting (q.v.) is conducted as humanely as possible, for the Portu guese are lovers of animals. Although the ancient ballads are not forgotten, new words are also fitted to the plaintive folk-tunes (fados) which every farm-hand knows and sings, accompanied sometimes by a rude clarinet or bagpipe, but more frequently by the so-called Portuguese guitar—an instrument which resem bles a mandolin rather than the guitars of Italy and Spain. The native dances are obviously Moorish in origin, and depend for their main effects on the movement of the arms and body. Many curious superstitions survive in the country districts, including the beliefs in witches (feiticeiras, bruxas) and werewolves (lobis homens), in sirens (sereias) which haunt the dangerous coast and lure fishermen to destruction; in fairies (fadas) and in many kinds of enchantment.
The population of continental Portugal, which includes the Azores and Madeira, amounted, in 193o, to 6,825,883 compared with a population of 5,957,985 in 1911. The colonies, which cover a total area of 812,606 sq.m., have a population of 8,913,076. Emigration has tended to keep the population fairly stationary. In 1919, emigrants mainly to the United States and Brazil numbered 31,138, while between 1912 and 1922 the total emigration was estimated at 700,000. In the first ten years of the 20th century the city population increased by 15% as corn pared with an increase of ro% for the entire population. The number of foreigners in Portugal remained stationary, with a slight increase of Germans and English. According to the 1920 census, the population of the chief towns was as follows : Lisbon, 594,39o; Oporto, 232,28o; Setubal, 46,398; Coimbra,
Braga, 26,962; Evora, 22,061; Faro, 18,019; Covilha, 15,640; Ta vira, 12,762; Aveiro, 12,735; Elvas, 12,413; Portalegre, 11,005.
At the beginning of the 19th century Portugal possessed a larger colonial empire than any European power ex cept Great Britain and Spain. At the beginning of the 20th century its transmarine possessions had been greatly reduced in size by the loss of Brazil, but were still only surpassed in extent by those of three powers—Great Britain, France and Germany. Their total area was about 812,606 sq.m., of which 803,634 sq.m. are in Africa. They comprised, in Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, St. Thomas and Prince's islands, Portuguese Guinea, Angola and
Portuguese East Africa or Mozambique; in India, Goa, Damao and Diu ; in China, Macao ; and in the Malay Archipelago part of Timor. All these are described in separate articles.
re published periodically in Lisbon; a few are written in French, the majority in Portuguese. Read in conjunction with the British consular and diplomatic reports, they afford a comprehensive survey of the movement of population, the progress of trade, etc. The following state papers deserve special notice: Caminhos de ferro (1877, etc.), Commercio e navegacao (annual, issued by the Ministry of Marine), Le Portugal vinicole (1900), Le Portugal . . . agricole (Dgoo), Notas sobre Portugal (2 vols., 1908). For geology, see the section of Le Por tugal . . . agricole written by P. Choffat and entitled "Apercu de la geologie de Portugal," also "The Work of the Portuguese Geological Survey," by Philip Lake, in Science Progress (1896) v. 439-453 ; both these summaries refer to the most important original papers. Two illus trated volumes by Oswald Crawford, Portugal Old and New (London, 188o) and Round the Calendar in Portugal (London, 1890) contain much valuable information on agriculture, viticulture and peasant life in the northern provinces. Through Portugal, by Major Martin Hume (London, 1907) and Lisbon, Cintra, etc., by A. C. Inchbold (London, 1907), describe the towns, etc., most frequently visited by tourists, and are illustrated in colours. Le Portugal (Paris, 1899), by 18 writers, is a brief but encyclopaedic description of continental Portugal. See also Portugal: its Land and People, by W. H. Koebel (London, 1909), Por Historical.—The Portuguese army bore its full share in the expulsion of the French army in the Peninsular war. In the later days of the monarchy the army was maintained partly by con scription and partly by voluntary enlistment under an Act of 1887. The army was reorganized by subsequent acts in 1899 and 1901 and it has since passed through various changes due to those in the political situation. Two Portuguese divisions served in France with the British Army in the World War.
Preliminary military training is given to youths of 18 to 20 years, after which age compulsory military service in the home army is enforced. This service is for 10 years with the active army and io years in reserve, followed by 5 years in the territorial army, ending at the age of 45. Certain exemptions are allowed. The first training consists of a 5 months recruit course followed by 12 months further training. There is a war school to train officers and also a central sergeants school through which non-commissioned officers can obtain commissions. Recruiting for the Colonial Forces, which form an integral part of the Portuguese army, is for 15 years of which i o years are spent in the active army and 5 years in the territorial reserve. Members of the home army who join the colonial army spend 4 years therein. Reductions are made for volunteers and for certain others, from the i o year period of active service.