Practice And Procedure
Practice And Procedure. The Practice And Pro Cedure Of The High Court Of Justice In England Is Now Regulated By The Judicature Act, 1925 (which Repealed And Consolidated Nearly All The Former Judicature Acts), And The Various Rules Of Court Made Pursuant To Various Acts Passed In And Since 1883. ...
Praefect
Praefect, The Title Of Various Roman Officials, Civil And Military (praefectus). A Praefect Was Not A Magistrate Proper; He Was The Deputy Of A Superior Magistrate. City Praefect.—the City Praefect (praefectus Urbis) Acted At Rome As The Deputy Of The Chief Magistrate Or Magistrates During His Or Their Absence From ...
Praemunire
Praemunire, In English Law An Offence So Called From The Introductory Words Of The Writ Of Summons Issued To The Defend Ant To Answer The Charge, "praemunire Facias A.b.," Etc., I.e., "cause A.b. To Be Forewarned." From This The Word Came To Be Used To Denote The Offences, Usually Ecclesiastical, ...
Praeneste
Praeneste (mod. Palestrina), A Very Ancient City Of Latium, Lies 23 M. E. Of Rome By The Via Praenestina (see Below), On A Spur Of The Apennines Facing The Alban Hills. To The Natural Strength Of The Place And Its Commanding Situation Praeneste Owed In Large Measure Its Historical Importance. ...
Praetor
Praetor, Originally A Military Title (a Leader; Lat. Prae . . . Ire), Was The Designation Of The Highest Magistrates In The Latin Towns. Under The Republic The Roman Consuls Were At First Called Praetors; By The Licinian Law Of 367 B.c., A New Magistrate Was Created Who Was To ...
Pragmatism
Pragmatism, In Philosophy, A Theory Or Method Of Deal Ing With Real Things (gr. Rpitypara: Cf. Rpa-yyarucos Versed In Affairs). "pragmatic," As Here Employed Is Not Used In The Common Colloquial Sense Of "pragmatical," I.e., "fussy And Positive," Nor In The Historical Sense, As In "pragmatic Sanction," Of "relating To ...
Prague
Prague (prig; Czech Prah'ha; Ger. Prahg), Capital Of Bo Hemia And Czechoslovakia, Situated On Both Banks Of A Large Meander Of The Vltava. There Is Ample Evidence That The Site Has Been Continuously Inhabited Since Palaeolithic Times But Its Fixed Population Dates From The Neolithic Period, When The Advantages Of ...
Prakrit Languages
Prakrit Languages, Term Applied To The Vernacular (prakrta, Natural) Languages Of India As Opposed To The Literary Sanskrit (saniskrta, Purified). There Were Two Main Groups Of Ancient Indo-aryan Dialects, Or Primary Prakrits; Viz., The Lan-. Guage Of The Midland Or Ary5,varta, And That Of What Is Called The Outer Band. ...
Prato In Toscana
Prato In Toscana, A Town And Episcopal See Of Tus Cany, Italy, In The Province Of Florence, Ii M. By Rail N.w. Of Florence, 207 Ft. Above Sea-level. Pop. (1931), 26,868, Town; 67,781, Commune. It Is Situated On The Bisenzio, And Was Domi Nated By A Castle Built By Frederick ...
Praxiteles
Praxiteles, Of Athens, The Son Of Cephissodotus, The Greatest Of The Attic Sculptors Of The 4th Century B.c., Who Has Left An Imperishable Mark On The History Of Art. Though Praxiteles May Be Considered As In Some Ways Well Known To Us, Yet We Have No Means For Fixing His ...
Prayer
Prayer, A Term Used Generally For Any Humble Petition, But More Technically, In Religion, For That Mode Of Addressing A Divine Or Sacred Power In Which There Predominates The Mood And In Tention Of Reverent Entreaty (from Lat. Precari, Entreat; Ital. Pregaria; Fr. Priere). Prayer And Its Congeners.—prayer In The ...
Prayers For The Dead
Prayers For The Dead. Wherever There Is A Belief In Continued Existence Through And After Death, Religion Naturally Concerns Itself With The Relations Between The Living And The Dead. This Was Especially The Case In Egypt, And Of Ten Dominates Both Primitive And Developed Systems Of Thought And Practice. Prayers ...
Preaching
Preaching, The Proclamation Of A Divine Message, And The Regular Instruction Of The Converted In The Doctrines And Duties Of The Faith, Is A Distinctive Though Not A Peculiar Feature Of The Christian Religion. The Mohammedans Exercise It Freely, And It Is Not Unknown Among The Buddhists. The History Of ...
Preanger
Preanger, A District In The South-west Of Java, Dutch East Indies, Including The Preanger Regencies. Formerly One Residency, It Has Been Divided Into Three—west Preanger, Middle Preanger And East Preanger, All Of Which Are Under The Govern Ment Of West Java. They Are Bounded North By Buitenzorg, Kra Wang, Indromayu ...
Precedence
Precedence. This Word In The Sense In Which It Is Here Employed Means Priority Of Place, Or Superiority Of Rank. In Great Britain The Crown Is The Fountain Of Honour, And Has The Un Doubted Prerogative To Confer Such Rank And Place As To It May Seem Convenient. In The ...
Precession Of The Equinoxes
Precession Of The Equinoxes, In Astronomy, An Effect Connected Mainly With A Gradual Change Of The Direction Of The Earth's Axis Of Rotation. There Is A General Resemblance Between The Motion Of The Earth And That Of A Spinning Top. It Is Well Known That When A Top Is Slightly ...
Precision Gauges And Comparators
Precision Gauges And Comparators. The World War Was Responsible For A Considerable Development And Improvement Of Apparatus Intended For The Measurement Of Engineers' Gauges And Products. Millionth Comparator.—the "millionth" Comparator, Due To J. E. Sears, Jun., Wherein Measurements Are Made Between Two Flat Parallel Anvils, Giving A Local Surface Contact, ...
Predestination
Predestination, As A Theological Term Is Used In Three Senses : (i) God's Unchangeable Decision From Eternity Of All That Is To Be; (2) God's Destination Of Men To Everlasting Happiness Or Misery; (3) God's Appointment Unto Life Or "election" (the Appointment Unto Death Being Called "reprobation," And The Term ...
Predicables
Predicables, In Logic, Are The Main Types Of Predicates, Or The Principal Ways In Which The Predicate Of A Proposition Can Be Related To Its Subject. The Oldest Known Doctrine Of Predi Cables Is That Of Aristotle, But The One That Had, And Still Has, The Greatest Vogue Is That ...
Prefect
Prefect, In France, The Title Of A High Official (prefet). The Prefects Of The Department Were Created By A Law Of The 28th Pluviose In The Year Viii. (feb. 17, 1800). They Were In Tended To Be The Chief Officers Of Internal Administration, And Have, In Fact, Discharged This Function, ...
Preferred Stock
Preferred Stock, Stock Of A Corporation Which Pos Sesses The Same Rights And Privileges As Common Stock And Which Has In Addition Certain More Or Less Valuable And Desirable Pref Erences. Such Stock May Be Preferred As To Assets, Or Preferred As To Dividends, Or As To Both. Being Preferred ...
Prelate
Prelate, Ecclesiastical Dignitary Of High Rank. In The Early Middle Ages The Title Prelate Was Applied To Secular Persons In High Positions And Thence It Passed To Persons Having Ecclesiastical Authority. The De Prelatis Of Valerian Is Concerned With Secular Princes, And Even As Late As The 14th Century The ...
Premonition
Premonition, An Impression Relating To A Future Event. In Modern Times The Best Attested Premonitions Are Those Relat Ing To Events About To Occur In The Subject's Own Organism. The Power Of Prediction Possessed By The Subject In Such Cases May Be Explained In Two Ways: (i) As Due To ...
Premonstratensians
Premonstratensians, Also Called Norbertines, And In England White Canons, From The Colour Of The Habit : An Order Of Augustinian Canons Founded In 1120 By St. Norbert, After Wards Archbishop Of Magdeburg. He Had Made Various Efforts To Introduce A Strict Form Of Canonical Life In Various Communi Ties Of ...
Prerogative
Prerogative, In English Law, Means The Powers, Privi Leges And Immunities Peculiar To The King. In The Early Middle Ages The Word Occurs As An Adjective Meaning "exceptional," As In The Sentence "the King Is Prerogative." A Distinction Has To Be Made At The Outset Between Prerogatives Peculiar To The ...
Presbyter
Presbyter, The Title Borne From Very Early Times By Certain Officers Or Ministers Of The Christian Church Intermediate Between "bishops" And "deacons." The Word Is The Original Form Of Priest (q.v.). The Word Is Not Found In Pre-christian Writings Except In The Septuagint, Though As Deissmann Has Shown It Is ...
Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism, One Of The Three Principal Systems Of Church Polity Known To The Christian (protestant) Church, And Occupying An Intermediate Position Between Episcopacy And Con Gregationalism. As Compared With The Church Of England (episcopal) In Which There Are Three Orders Of Clergy—bishops, Priests And Deacons, Presbyterianism Recognizes But One Spiritual ...
Prescription
Prescription, In The Broadest Sense, The Acquisition Or Extinction Of Rights By Lapse Of Time. The Term Is Derived From The Praescriptio Of Roman Law, Originally A Matter Of Procedure. It Seems To Have Been Introduced By The Praetor .to Meet Cases Affecting Aliens Or Lands Out Of Italy Where ...
President
President, A Style Of Title Of One Who Presides. In Classi Cal Latin The Title Praeses, Or President, Was Given To All Governors Of Provinces, But Was Confined In The Time Of Diocletian To The Procurators Who, As Lieutenants Of The Emperor, Governed The Smaller Provinces. In This Sense It ...
Press Gang
Press Gang. The Press Gang Was The Name Given To The Naval Parties Who, Until The Beginning Of The 19th Century, Were Used Forcibly To Take Or "impress" Men For Service In The British Fleet. From Mediaeval Times The Crown Claimed The Power To Im Press Able-bodied Subjects For The ...
Press Laws
Press Laws, The Laws Affecting The Products Of The Print Ing-press And Newspapers In Particular. (see Newspapers.) In English-speaking Countries The Liberty Of The Press Is Nowadays Taken For Granted. It Was Not Always So, But In 1784 Lord Mansfield Made The Following Pronouncement In R. V. Dean Of St. ...
Pressed Metal
Pressed Metal, A Broad Term Which Includes That Class Of Merchandise Made By The Process Of Bending, Shaping And Form Ing Sheets, Strips, Plates Or Bars Of Metal In Either Hydraulic Or Mechanically-driven Presses. Steel So Treated Is Referred To As "pressed Steel" Or "stampings." While Brass, Aluminium, Zinc And ...
Presses And Presswork
Presses And Presswork. The Method Of Convert Ing Ingots Of Steel Into Forgings Depends Upon The Size Of The Completed Pieces And The Number Of These Required. Hammer Heads Are Formed In Dies Under A Drop Hammer. (see Drop Forg Ing.) Locomotive Connecting Rods Would Probably Be Forged Under A ...
Pressure Chemistry
Pressure Chemistry. The Influence Of Pressure On Chemical Transformations Has Long Been Recognized, But It Is Only Within The 2oth Century That High Pressures Have Been Applied To Industrial Chemical Processes. Haber's Process For The Direct Synthesis Of Ammonia From Its Elements, Which Has Been Developed In Germany By The ...
Pressure Gauge
Pressure Gauge, A Term Commonly Applied To An In Strument For Measuring Pressure, As Distinct From A Barometer, A Manometer (qq.v.), Or A Gauge Employed In Vacuum Practice. The Following Article Deals With The Type Of Gauge Which Registers Pressure By The Distortion Of A Metal Tube Or Diaphragm, And ...
Prester John
Prester John, A Fabulous Mediaeval Christian Monarch Of Asia. The History Of Prester John No Doubt Originally Gathered Round Some Nucleus Of Fact, Though What That Was Is Extremely Difficult To Determine. Before Prester John Appears Upon The Scene We Find The Way Prepared For His Appearance By A Kindred ...
Preston
Preston, Municipal, County, And Parliamentary Borough And Port, Lancashire, England, On The River Ribble, 209 M. N.w. From London By The L.m.s. Railway. Pop. (1931), 118,839. The Site Consists Of A Ridge Rising Sharply From The North Bank Of The River, While The Surrounding Country, Especially To The West About ...
Pretoria
Pretoria, Administrative Capital Of The Union Of South Africa. Pop. (1921) 24,794 Natives, 1,757 Asiatics, 2,140 Coloured And 45,361 Whites, The Latter Increasing By 1931 To 47,322. The City Is Built In A Hollow, About The Aapies River, A Tributary Of The Limpopo. Pretoria Is Laid Out In Rectangular Blocks. ...
Preventive Medicine
Preventive Medicine. The Prevention Of Disease Is The True Idedl Of Medicine. Its Application Is Twofold—the Pre Ventive Medicine Of The Community Which Is Generally Termed Public Health Or State Medicine, And The Prevention Of Disease Or Its Sequelae In The Individual. ...
Priapuloidea
Priapuloidea, A Small Group Of Vermiform Marine Ani Mals Inhabiting The Cold' Seas Of Both Hemispheres ; They Were Formerly Placed Near The Gephy Rea, But Their Position Is Uncertain, And It Is Doubtful If They Are To Be Regarded As Coelomate Ani Mals. Their Early Development Is Unrecorded, But ...
Pribilof Islands
Pribilof Islands (often Called The Fur Seal Islands), A Group Of Four Islands, Part Of Alaska, Lying In Bering Sea In 56° 50' N. And 170° W., About I8o M. North Of Unalaska And 200 M. S.w. Of Cape Newenham, The Nearest Point On The Mainland. The Principal Islands Are ...
Price Maintenance
Price Maintenance. The Subject Of Price Mainte Nance, Or, More Specifically, Resale Price Maintenance, Is One That Demands Special Consideration Among The Various Types Of Price 'fixing, Both From The Legal And The Economic Aspects. Other Forms Of Price Fixing Are Treated Elsewhere. For Agreements And Under Standings As To ...