Albert Pinkham 1847-1917 Ryder

RYDER, ALBERT PINKHAM (1847-1917), American artist, was born at New Bedford, Mass., on March 19, 1847. He was a pupil of William E. Marshall and of the schools of the National Academy of Design. Among his better known are : "Temple of the Mind," "Jonah and the ' “ Christ appearing unto Mary," "The Flying Dutchman," "Charity" and "The Little Maid of Arcadie." He became a member of the Society of American Artists in 1878, and a National Academician in 1906. He died at Elmhurst, Long Island, N.Y., on March 1917. In 1918 the Metropolitan Museum held a memorial exhibit of his work.

RYE, a market town and municipal borough in Sussex, Eng land, 11 m. N.E. by E. from Hastings, on the S.R. Pop. (1931) 3,947. In the time of Edward the Confessor, Rye (Ria, Ryerot, La Rie) was a fishing village and, as part of the manor of "Rames lie," was granted by the king to the abbot and convent of Fecamp, by whom it was retained until Henry III. resumed it. By 1o86 Rye was probably a port, and a charter of Richard I. shows that by the reign of Henry II. it had been added to the Cinque Ports. The fluctuations of the sea and attacks of the French caused its decline in the 13th and 14th centuries, and the walls were built during the reign of Edward III. The decay of Winchelsea contributed to the partial revival of Rye in the 15th and i6th cen turies, when it was a chief port of passage. Towards the end of the i6th century the decay of the port began, and notwithstanding frequent attempts to improve the harbour it never recovered its ancient prosperity. Rye was incorporated under a mayor and jurats by the beginning of the 14th century, but possesses no charter distinct from the Cinque Ports. As a member of the Cinque Ports, which were summoned from 1322 onwards, Rye returned two representatives to parliament from 1366 until 1832; after that date one only until 1885. In 1290 the barons of the royal port of Rye were granted a three days' fair in September, altered in 1305 to March. The mayor and commonalty evidently held weekly markets on Wednesday and Friday before 14°5, as in that year the Friday market was changed to Saturday. Ship building began here as early as the 13th century. The town is situated above the south of Romney marsh, which within his toric times was an inlet of the English Channel. The sea began to recede in the i6th century, and now the river Rother forms a small estuary with its mouth 2 m. from the town ; this serves as a small harbour with a depth of to ft. at high tide, and there is some trade in coal, grain, timber, stones and manure. Fishing and shipbuilding are carried on, and there is a market for sheep (which are pastured in great numbers on the marshes), wool, grain and hops.

RYE, a village of Westchester county, New York, U.S.A., on Long Island sound, 24 m. N.E. of New York city; served by the New York, New Haven and Hartford and electric railways. Pop. 193o, 8,712 Federal census. It is a residential village, with several yacht and country clubs and a number of 18th century houses. The municipal hall is an old inn (Haviland) where Washington and Lafayette were entertained. "Kirby's tide-mill," built before the Revolution, still stands. Rye was the home of John Jay, and his grave is here, in the family burying-ground. At Rye Beach there is a seaside playground of 214 ac., owned and operated by the county. The village was incorporated in 1904.

RYE.

This cereal, known botanically as Secale cereale, is sup posed to be the cultivated form of S. montanum, a wild perennial species occurring in the more elevated districts of parts of the Mediterranean region, and west to central Asia. Its cultiva tion does not appear to have been practised at a very early date, relatively speaking. A. de Candolle, who collected the evi dence on this point, draws attention to the fact that no traces of this cereal have hitherto been found in Egyptian monuments, or in the earlier Swiss dwellings, though seeds have been found in association with weapons of the Bronze period at Olmiltz. The absence of any special name for it in the Semitic, Chinese and Sanskrit languages is also adduced as an indication of its com paratively recent culture. On the other hand, the general occur rence of the name in the more modern languages of northern Eu rope, under various modifications, points to the cultivation of the plant then, as now, in those regions. Rye is a tall-growing annual grass, with fibrous roots, flat, narrow, ribbon-like bluish-green leaves, and erect or decurved cylindrical slender spikes like those of barley. The spikelets contain two or three flowers, of which one is usually imperfect. The outer glumes are acute and glabrous, the flowering glumes lance-shaped, with a comb-like keel at the back, and the outer or lower one prolonged at the apex into a very long bristly awn. Within these are three stamens surrounding a compressed ovary, with two feathery stigmas. When ripe, the grain is of an elongated oval form, free from the glumes and longer than a wheat grain. When the ovaries of the plant become affected with a peculiar fungus (Claviceps purpurea) they be come blackened and distorted, constituting ergot (q.v.).