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1917 1920 The Struggle For
The Struggle For Existence, 1917-1920 The Petrograd Revolution Of Nov. 7 Swept Russia. There Were A Few Days Of Street Fighting In Moscow And Sporadic Resistance Elsewhere, But By The End Of The Month The Soviets Held Power Throughout The Country. In The Urban Centres The Victory Was Won Under ...

1919 J Hud Renaissance
(1919). (j. Hud.) Renaissance Art. The Revival Of Classic Learning In Italy, Which Was So Marked A Feature Of Italian Culture During The 15th Century, Was Paralleled By An Equal Passion For The Beauty Of Classic Design In All The Artistic Fields ; And When This Eager Delight In The ...

3rd Earl Sell
Sell, 3rd Earl, F.r.s. (1872– ), Was Born May 18, 1872. His Grandfathers Were Lord John Russell And The Second Lord Stanley Of Alderley. At The Age Of Three He Was Left An Orphan. His Father Had Wished Him To Be Brought Up As An Agnostic ; To Avoid This ...

3rd Earl Of Longespee
Longespee), 3rd Earl Of (d. 1226), Was An Illegitimate Son Of Henry Ii., Who Granted Him The Estates Of Appleby, Lincoln Shire (1188). In 1198 He Received From Richard I. The Hand Of Isabella, Or Ela (d. 1261), Daughter And Heiress Of William, Earl Of Salisbury, And Was Granted This ...

Adoption Of The Report
Adoption Of The Report The Reception Of The Report Was Immediately Favourable, And It Was Finally Adopted By The Governments Concerned In The London Agreement On Aug. 30, 1924. Steps Were Immediately Taken To Put It Into Operation. So Far As All Formal Acts And The Setting-up Of The Machinery ...

Albert Pinkham 1847 1917 Ryder
Ryder, Albert Pinkham (1847-1917), American Artist, Was Born At New Bedford, Mass., On March 19, 1847. He Was A Pupil Of William E. Marshall And Of The Schools Of The National Academy Of Design. Among His Better Known Are : "temple Of The Mind," "jonah And The ' “ Christ ...

Albrecht 1822 1889 Ritschl
Ritschl, Albrecht (1822-1889), German Theologian, Was Born In Berlin On March 25, 1822. His Father, Benjamin Ritschl (1783-1858), Was From 1827 To 1854 General Superintend Ent And Evangelical Bishop Of Pomerania. Albrecht Studied At Bonn, Halle, Heidelberg And Tiibingen. At Halle He Came Under Hegelian Influences. In 1845 He Was ...

Albrecht Theodor Emil Roon
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count Von (1803-1879), Prussian General Field-marshal, Was Born At Pleus Hagen, Near Colberg, In Pomerania, On April 3o, 1803. He Entered The Corps Of Cadets At Kulm In 1816, Proceeded To The Military School At Berlin, And In Jan. 1821 Joined The 14th (3rd Pomeranian) Regiment. ...

Alexander
Alexander Ill's Reactionary Reign The Thirteen Years Of The Reign Of Alexander Iii. (1881-94) Are Symbolized By A Monument, The Work Of Paul Trubetskoi, In The Square Of The Old Nicholas Railway Station In Leningrad. It Shows A Huge, Heavy Figure Of A Man Mounting A Horse Which Looks Like ...

Alexander
Alexander L Alexander I.'s Reign (1801-1825), Like That Of Catherine Whom He Professed To Imitate, Opened With Attempts At A Very Liberal Legislation (1801-5), Which Were Interrupted By Active Foreign Policy And Wars (1806-9). There Followed A New Attempt At A Constitutional Reform (1809), Hampered By The Nationalist Opposi Tion, ...

Alexander Ii And The
Alexander Ii. And The "era Of Great Reforms" The Reign Of The "liberator" Of Serfs And Bulgarians Ended With His Assassination By Terrorists (1855-1881). His Personality Partly Accounts For This Tragic Contradiction. Alexander Was A Man Of Weak Character, But Good-natured And Well-intentioned. He Possessed No Steadfast Views On Politics ...

Alexander Wedderburn Rosslyn
Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl Of (1733-1805), Lord Chancellor Of Great Britain, Was The Eldest Son Of Peter Wedderburn (a Lord Of Session As Lord Chesterhall), And Was Born In East Lothian On Feb. 13, 1733. He Was Educated At Edinburgh University And Entered The Inner Temple In 1753. It ...

Alexander Wedderburn Rosslyn_2
Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl Of ( 1 733-1805 ) , Lord Chancellor Of Great Britain, Was The Eldest Son Of Peter Wedderburn (a Lord Of Session As Lord Chesterhall), And Was Born In East Lothian On Feb. 13, 1733. He Was Educated At Edinburgh University And Entered The Inner ...

Alexandre Felix Joseph 1842 1923
Ribot, Alexandre Felix Joseph (1842-1923), French Statesman, Was Born At St. Omer On Feb. 7, 1842. After A Brilliant Career At The University Of Paris, He Rapidly Made His Mark At The Bar. He Was Secretary Of The Conference Of Advocates And One Of The Founders Of The Societe De ...

Alexei Ivanovich 1881 1938 Rykov
Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich (1881-1938), Russian Politician, Was Born In Saratov, The Son Of A Peasant. Saratov Was A Place Of Banishment For Revolutionaries, And Rykov Came Under Their Influence. When He Went To Kazan He Was Already Taking Part In Social Democratic Organizations. He Was Imprisoned And Sent Back To ...

Alvaro De Bazan Santa
Santa Cruz, Alvaro De Bazan, 1st Marquis Of (1526-1588), Spanish Admiral, Born At Granada On Dec. 12, 1526, Of An Ancient Family. In 1564 He Aided In The Capture Of Velez De Gomera, Was Appointed In 1568 To Command The Galleys Of Naples And Was Thus Brought Into Close Relations ...

Amy Robsart
Robsart, Amy, First Name Of Lady Amy Dudley (1532 1560), Wife Of Lord Robert Dudley, Afterwards Earl Of Leicester. She Was The Daughter Of Sir John Robsart Of Norfolk, And Was Married To Lord Robert On June 4, 155o. When Elizabeth Became Queen In 1559 Lord Robert Was Soon Known ...

Anatomy Of Respiratory System
Respiratory System, Anatomy Of. The Respiratory Tract Consists Of The Nasal Cavities, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi And Lungs. For The First Two Parts See Olfactory System And Pharynx. Process Projects Which Is Attached To The True Vocal Cord (vocal Process), While From The Outer Part Of The Base A Stouter ...

Andre Jeanbon Saint Andre
Saint Andre, Andre Jeanbon French Revolutionary, Was Born At Montauban (tarn-et-garonne) On Feb. 25, 1749. In July 1793 He Became President Of The Convention, Entered The Committee Of Public Safety And Was Sent On Mission To The Armies Of The East. On Sept. 20, 1793, He Ob Tained A Vote ...

Andrea Contucci Del Monte
Sansovino, Andrea Contucci Del Monte (146o-1529), Florentine Sculptor And Architect, Was The Son Of A Shepherd, Niccolo Di Domenico Contucci, And Was Born At Monte Sansovino Near Arezzo, Whence He Took His Name. He Was A Pupil Of Antonio Pollaiuolo, And At First Worked In The Style Of 5th-century Florence. ...

Animal Worship
Animal Worship). God, Comes A Refinement Of The Tastes Attributed To Him, And The Finer Parts Of The Sacrifice, Finally It May Be Only Its Savour, Are Alone Regarded As Acceptable Offerings. Just As Attendants Are Provided For The Dead, So The God Receives Sacrifices Intended To Put Slaves At ...

Annibale Santorre Di Rossi
Santarosa, Annibale Santorre Di Rossi De Pomarolo, Count Of ( I 783-1825), Piedmontese Insur Gent, And Leader In The Revival (risorgimento) Of Italy, Was Born At Savigliano, Near Coni, On Nov. 18, 1783. He Was The Son Of A General Officer In The Sardinian Army Who Was Killed At The ...

Anthony Woodville Rivers
Rivers, Anthony Woodville, Or Wydeville, 2nd Earl (c. 1442-1483), Statesman And Patron Of Literature, And Author Of The First Book Printed On English Soil, Was Born Prob Ably In 1442. He Was The Son Of Richard De Wydeville And His Wife, Jacquetta De Luxemburg, Duchess Of Bedford. His Father Was ...

Antoine Louis Leon De
Antoine Louis Leon De Riche Bourg De (1767-1794), French Revolutionary Leader, Was Born At Decize In The Nivernais On Aug. 25, 1767. At The Out Break Of The Revolution He Was Elected An Officer In The National Guard Of The Aisne. He Assumed A Stoical Demeanour United To A Tyrannical ...

Anton Grigorovich Rubinstein
Rubinstein, Anton Grigorovich Russian Pianist, Born Of Jewish Parentage On Nov. 28, 1829 At Wechwotynetz, Podolia, Was The Son Of A Pencil Manufacturer Who Migrated To Moscow. Besides His Mother Anton Had But One Teacher, The Piano Master Alexander Villoing, Of Whom He De Clared At The End Of His ...

Antonio
Antonio , Italian Philosopher, Was Born At Rovereto, Italian Tirol, On March 25, 1797. In 1828 He Founded A New Religious Order, The Institute Of The Brethren Of Charity, Known In Italy Generally As The Rosmin Ians. The Members Might Be Priests Or Laymen, Who Devoted Them Selves To Preaching, ...

Antonio 1750 1825 Salter
Salter!, Antonio (1750-1825), Italian Composer, Was Born At Legnano, On Aug. 19, 175o. In 1766 He Was Taken To Vienna By F. L. Gassmann, Who Introduced Him To The Emperor Joseph. His First Opera, Le Donne Letterate, Was Produced At The Burg-theater In 177o. Others Followed In Rapid Succession, And ...

Antonio 1853 1931 Salandra
Salandra, Antonio (1853-1931), Italian Statesman, Was Born At Troia, Puglia, In 1853. He First Entered Parliament As Member For Lucera, And From The Beginning Of His Political Career Was A Liberal Of The Right Wing. When Baron Sonnino Be Came Treasury Minister In The Crispi Cabinet Of 1893, Salandra Was ...

Antonio Lopez De Santa
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez De Mexican Revolutionist, Dictator, President And Soldier, Was Born In Jalapa, Vera Cruz, On Feb. 21, 1795. Entering The Spanish Colonial Army As Cadet In 181o, He Served Against The Revolution Ists In Tamaulipas, Tex., And Vera Cruz Until March 29, 1821, When He Declared In ...

Antonio Starabba Rudini
Rudini, Antonio Starabba, Marquis Di (1839 1908), Italian Statesman, Born At Palermo On April 6, 1839, Joined The Revolutionary Committee In 1859. After Spending A Short Time At Turin As Attache To The Italian Foreign Office He Was Elected Mayor Of Palermo. In 1866 He Quelled A Separatist Insurrection. He ...

Applications Of Refrigeration
Applications Of Refrigeration Refrigeration Has Developed From Its Application In The Brewery Industry And More Or Less Academic Uses In Other Directions To A Very Important Economic Position. The Ice-making Industry In 1932 Was Ninth In The Amount Of Invested Capital In The United States. Without Refrigeration Natural Ice Would ...

Archibald Philip Primrose Rosebery
Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl Of (1847-1929), British Statesman, Born In London On May 7, 1847, Was The Son Of Archibald, Lord Dalmeny (1809 1851) And Catherine, Daughter Of The 4th Earl Stanhope. Lady Dalmeny Married, After Her Husband's Death, The Duke Of Cleve Land. Young Dalmeny Was Educated ...

Archism
Archism) Is Not Strictly Included In This, Though In Polemical Writers The Two Types Of Action Are Often Confused. The Common Est Form Is Destruction Of Machinery, But The Doing Of Very Bad Work, Deliberately Designed To Break Down, Is Also Frequent. De Struction Of The Tools Of Blacklegs Is ...

Architectural Rendering
Rendering, Architectural. Architectural Ren Dering Is A Pictorial Art Whose Object Is To Visualize Architectural Conceptions. When An Architect Is Employed To Design A Building, It Is Desirable That He Provide His Client, In Advance, With An Accu Rate Impression Of The Appearance Of The Proposed Structure. Since Words Cannot ...

Articles On Religion And
Religion And Theology, Articles On. For The Purpose Of Enumerating The Main Articles In This Section, A Division Will Be Made Into (i) Christian, And (2) Non-christian. The Number Of Articles On The Different Aspects Of Christian Doctrine, Faith And Church Is So Great That Nothing Beyond A Casual Selection ...

Auguste Rodin
Rodin, Auguste French Sculptor, Was Born In 184o In Paris. He Began By Attending Barye's Classes, But Did Not Yield Too Completely To His Influence. From 1864 To 1870, Under Pressure Of Necessity, He Was Employed In The Studio Of Carrier-belleuse, Where He Learnt To Deal With The Mechanical Difficulties ...

Augustus
Augustus American Sculptor, Was Born In Dublin, Ireland, On March 1, 1848, The Son Of A French Father, A Shoemaker By Trade, And An Irish Mother, And Was Taken To America In Infancy. He Was Apprenticed To A Cameo-cutter, Studying In The Schools Of Cooper Union 0860 And The National ...

Automatic Regulation
Regulation, Automatic. Modern Processing'is Re Quired In The Production Of Most Of The Articles Of Clothing, Food Stuffs, And Other Items That Are Used In Every Day Life. Processing Requires Proper Conditions Not Only In Workrooms But In The End Less Variety Of Boilers, Ovens, Furnaces, Dryers, Sterilizers And Other ...

Baron 1832 1900
Baron (1832-1900), Lord Chief Justice Of England, Was Born At Newry, County Down, On Nov. So, 1832, The Son Of Arthur Rus Sell. The Family Was Roman Catholic. Educated First At Belfast, Afterwards In Newry, And Finally At St. Vincent's College, Castle Knock, Dublin, In 1849, He Was Articled To ...

Battle Of St Quentin
St. Quentin, Battle Of, 1918. This Is The Name Commonly Given To The First Phase Of The Great Offensive Of The Germans In 1918, By Which They Hoped To Gain A Military Decision Before The Inflow Of American Reinforcements, The Exhaustion Of Their Food Supplies Under The Stranglehold Of The ...

Battle Of St Vincent
St. Vincent, Battle Of, Fought On The 14th Of Feb Ruary 1797, Between The British And Spanish Fleets, The Most Famous And Important Of Many Encounters Which Have Taken Place At The Same Spot. The Battle First Revealed The Full Capacity Of Nelson, Which Was Well Known In The Navy, ...

Battle Of The Saints
Saints, Battle Of The. This Battle Was Fought Be Tween The Fleets Of England And France In The Channel Between The Islands Of Dominica And Guadeloupe On April 12, 1782. It Takes Its Name From The Saints Is. In The Channel. The French Had 35 Battleships Under The Comte De ...

Battle Of The Sajo
Sajo Or Mohi, Battle Of The, 1241. This Was The Decisive Battle In Which The Mongols Under Sabutai And Batu Overthrew The Hungarian Army Under Bela, And Thereby Gained Undisputed Possession Of Hungary, A Conquest Voluntarily Aban Doned Next Year (see Mongol. Campaigns). The Date Of The Bat Tle Is ...

Battles Of Saratoga
Saratoga, Battles Of. The Plan Of Campaign For The British In America In 1777 Sought To Isolate New England By Occupying The Hudson Valley. Burgoyne, The Author Of The Plan, Coming Down From Canada Via Lakes Champlain And George, Was To Meet Howe, Marching Up From New York, At Albany. ...

Battles Of Ypres
Ypres, Battles Of, 1917.) In The German Counter-attack Of Nov. 3o Ludendorff Had Used A Key Similar In Principle If Different In Design—a Short, Sharp Bombardment With Gas And Smoke Shell, Followed Up By An Inrush Of Infantry, Specially Trained In The New Infiltration Tactics. It Would Seem That By ...

Benjamin Thompson Rumford
Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count 1814), British-american Scientist, Philanthropist And Administra Tor, Was Born At Woburn (mass.), On March 26, 1753. The Thompson Family To Which He Belonged Settled In New England About The Middle Of The Previous Century And Were Moderately Wealthy Farmers. At The Age Of 14 Benjamin Was ...

Bernard Saisset
Saisset, Bernard (d. C. 1314), French Bishop, Was Abbot Of Saint Antonin De Pamiers In 1268. Boniface Viii., Detaching The City Of Pamiers From The Diocese Of Toulouse In 1295, Made It The Seat Of A New Bishopric And Appointed Saisset To The See. Of A Headstrong Temperament, Saisset As ...

Bernardim 1482 1552 Ribeiro
Ribeiro, Bernardim (1482-1552), The Father Of Bu Colic Prose And Verse In Portugal, Was A Native Of Torrao In The Alemtejo. He Studied At The University Of Lisbon, Was Intro Duced By One Of His Relatives To The Court Of King Manoel, And Became Secretary To King John Iii. In ...

Bernardin De Saint Pierre
Saint-pierre, Bernardin De , French Man Of Letters, Was Born At Havre On Jan. 19, 1737. He Was Edu Cated At Caen And At Rouen, And Became An Engineer. According To His Own Account He Served In The Army, Taking Part In The Hesse Campaign Of 1760, But Was Dismissed ...

Betsy 1752 1836 Ross
Ross, Betsy (1752-1836), Heroine Of One Of The Most Picturesque Legends Which Has Grown Up Around The Origin Of The American Flag, Was Born In Philadelphia, Pa., On Jan. 1, 1752. She Married John Ross, Whose Uncle, George Ross, Was One Of The Signers Of The Declaration Of Independence. The ...

Betting Ricasoli
Ricasoli, Betting, Baron (1809-80), Italian Statesman, Born At Broglio March 19, 1809. In 1847 He Founded The Journal La Patria, And Sent To The Grand Duke Of Tus Cany A Memorial Suggesting Remedies For The Difficulties Of The State. In 2848 He Was For A Short Time Gonfaloniere Of Florence. ...

Book Of Ruth
Ruth, Book Of, In The Old Testament. The Story Of Ruth, The Moabitess, Great-grandmother Of David, Is One Of The Old Testament Hagiographa (see Bible, Old Testament, Canon). On The Other Hand, It Follows Judges In The Septuagint, The Vul Gate And The English Version. But Although A Late Rearrangement ...

Books Of Samuel
Samuel, Books Of, Two Books Of The Old Testament, Which In The Jewish Canon Are Ranked Among The Former Prophets ( Joshua–kings) In Contrast To The Latter Prophets (isaiah– Malachi). Contents.—the Books Of Judges, Samuel And Kings Are Made Up Of A Series Of Extracts From Various Sources, And Freely ...

Campaign In North Russia
Russia, Campaign In North. The Campaign In North Russia Continued Long After The Signing Of The Armistice In 1918. It Must Not Be Regarded As An Isolated Incident Of The World War, But As A Definite Part Of The Allies' Plan For The Defeat Of The Central Powers, And Though ...

Cardinal 1585 1642
Cardinal (1585-1642) , French Statesman, Was Born Of An An Cient Family Of The Lesser Nobility Of Poitou. The Cardinal's Father, Francois Du Plessis, Seigneur De Richelieu (d. 1590), Fought Through The Wars Of Religion, First As A Favourite Of Henry Iii., And After His Death Under Henry Iv. His ...

Carl 1878 Sandburg
Sandburg, Carl (1878- ), American Poet, Paper Man, And Interpreter Of Folk-songs, Was Born At Galesburg (ill.), Jan. 6, 5878. The Son Of A Poor Scandinavian Immigrant, He Had A Wandering, Hard-working Youth, With Little Schooling. During The Spanish-american War He Saw Active Service In Porto Rico, And There Got ...

Catherine Ii
Catherine Ii. Elizabeth Wished To Secure The Throne For The Lineage Of Her Sister Anne Of Holstein' And She Invited Her Nephew Peter, Educated In The Lutheran Religion And In The Ideas Of Prussian Drill, To Come To St. Petersburg, To Learn Orthodoxy And Russian Habits. He Came And Was ...

Cecil John 1853 1902 Rhodes
Rhodes, Cecil John (1853-1902), British Colonial And Imperial Statesman, Was Born On The 5th Of July 1853, At Bishop Stortford, In Hertfordshire. His Father Was A Clergyman, But He Claimed Descent From Yeoman Stock. Cecil John Rhodes Was The Fifth Son In A Large Family Of Sons And Daughters. The ...

Charles Augustin 1804 1869
Charles Augustin (1804 1869), French Critic, Was Born At Boulogne-sur-mer On Dec. 23, 1804. He Was A Posthumous Child. His Father, A Native Of Picardy, And Controller Of Town-dues At Boulogne, Was A Man Of Literary Tastes ; His Mother Was Half English, Her Father, A Mariner Of Boulogne, Having ...

Charles Bernard Renouvier
Renouvier, Charles Bernard , French Philosopher, Was Born At Montpellier On Jan. 1, 1815, And Died On Sept. 1, 1903. His Two Leading Ideas Are A Dislike For The Unknowable, And A Reliance On The Validity Of Personal Experience. The Former Accounts For His Acceptance Of Kant's Phenomenalism, Combined With ...

Charles Camille
Charles Camille G ( ,1_35-1921), French Composer, Was Born In Paris On Oct. 3, 1835. For A Short Time He Studied Composition Under Halevy, And In 1852, And Again In 1864, Competed Without Success For The Grand Prix De Rome. In 1853, When Only Eighteen, He Was Organist At The ...

Charles De Marguetel De
Saint-evremond, Charles De Marguetel De Saint-denis, Seigneur De (1610-1703), Was Born At Saint-denis-le-guast, Near Coutances, On April 1, 161o. He Served Through A Great Part Of The Thirty Years' War, Distinguishing Him Self At The Siege Of Landrecies (1637), When He Was Made Captain. During His Campaigns He Studied The ...

Charles Latour Rogier
Rogier, Charles Latour Belgian Statesman, Descended From A Belgian Family Settled In The Depart Ment Of The Nord In France, Was Born At St. Quentin On Aug. 17, 1800. His Father, An Officer In The French Army, Perished In The Russian Campaign Of 1812 ; And The Family Moved To ...

Charles Reade
Reade, Charles , English Novelist And Dramatist, The Son Of An Oxfordshire Squire, Was Born At Ipsden, Oxfordshire, On June 8, 1814. He Entered Magdalen College, Oxford, Proceeded B.a. In 1835, And Became A Fellow Of His College. He Was Subsequently Dean Of Arts, And Vice-president Of Magdalen College, Taking ...

Charles Watson Went Worth
Rockingham, Charles Watson Went Worth, 2nd Marquess Of (1730-1782), Twice Prime Minister Of England, Was The Son Of Thomas Watson Wentworth (c. 169o 1750), Who Was Created Earl Of Melton In 1733 And Marquess Of Rockingham In 1746. Charles Watson Wentworth Was Educated At Westminster School And St. John's College, ...