SAINT ANDRE, ANDRE JEANBON French revolutionary, was born at Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) on Feb. 25, 1749. In July 1793 he became president of the Convention, entered the Committee of Public Safety and was sent on mission to the Armies of the East. On Sept. 20, 1793, he ob tained a vote of one hundred million francs for constructing vessels, and reorganized the military harbours of Brest and Cher bourg. After a mission in the south (July 1794—March 1795) in which he showed great moderation, he was arrested on May 28, 1795, but was released by the amnesty of the year IV. He was then appointed consul at Algiers and Smyrna (1798), imprisoned by the Turks for three years, and subsequently became prefect of the department of Mont-Tonnerre (I8oi) and commissary general of the three departments on the left bank of the Rhine. He died at Mainz on Dec. Io, 1813.
See Levy-Schneider, Le Conventionnel Jeanbon St. Andre (Igoi). ST. ANDREWS, city, royal burgh, university town and sea port of Fifeshire, Scotland. Pop. (1931), 8,269. It is situated on a bay of the North Sea, 12-1- m. S.E. of Dundee by the L.N.E. railway, via Leuchars junction. It occupies a plateau of sand stone rock about 5o ft. high, on the north breaking off in pre cipitous cliffs. The Eden enters St. Andrews bay N.W. of the golf links, which rank amongst the finest in the world. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club, founded in 1754, is the legislative author ity of the game. There is a Marine Biological station. The city was never surrounded by walls, and of its ancient gates the West Port only remains. The Martyrs' memorial, erected to the honour of martyrs of the Reformation epoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea.
The cathedral originated partly in the priory of Canons Regu lar founded by Bishop Robert (1122-1159). At the end of the 17th century some of the priory buildings were still entire and considerable remains of others existed, but nearly all traces have now disappeared except portions of the .wall and the archways. The wall is about three-quarters of a mile long, and bears turrets at intervals. The cathedral was founded by Bishop Arnold ( I159— 1162), to supply more ample accommodation than was afforded by the church of St. Regulus. The principal portions extant, partly Norman and partly Early English, are the east and west gables and part of the nave and the south transept.
The castle, on a rocky promontory, is supposed to have been erected by Bishop Roger about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence, and was strongly fortified. It was de stroyed, but rebuilt towards the close of the century. There remains a portion of the south wall enclosing a square tower, the "bottle dungeon" below the north-west tower, the kitchen tower and a subterranean passage. The grounds have been laid out as a public garden.
The town church, formerly the church of the Holy Trinity, was originally founded in 1112 by Bishop Turgot, but was re built at the close of the 18th century with the exception of the square tower and spire, and again in recent years, the original lines being followed as closely as possible. In this church John Knox first preached in public, and in it, on June 4th, he delivered the famous sermon which led to the stripping of the cathedral and the destruction of the monastic buildings. The church contains a monument to James Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews (assassinated 1679). In South Street is the ruin of the north transept of the chapel of the Blackfriars' monastery founded by Bishop Wishart in 1274; but the Observantine monastery founded about 145o by Bishop Kennedy has disappeared, except the well.
The university of St. Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of Scone, and others. A charter was issued in 1411 by Bishop Henry Wardlaw (d. 1440), and six bulls were obtained from Benedict XIII. in 1413 confirming the charter and constituting the society a university. The lectures were delivered in various parts of the town until 143o, when Wardlaw allowed the lecturers the use of a building called the Paedagogium, or St. John's. St. Salvator's college was founded and richly endowed by Bishop Kennedy in 1456; seven years later it was granted the power to confer degrees in theology and philosophy, and by the end of the century was regarded as a constituent part of the university. In 1512 St. Leonard's college was founded, and the original Paedagogium nominally changed into• a college, with the parish church of St. Michael of Tarvet annexed to it ; but its actual erection into a college did not take place until 1537, when it was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Assumption. The outline of the ancient structure is pre served, but its general character has been much altered by various restorations. It forms two sides of a quadrangle. The University library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded about the middle of the 17th century and rebuilt in 1764. The lower hall in the older part of the building was used at times as a provincial meeting-place for the Scottish parliament. When the constitution of the colleges was remodelled in 1579 St. Mary's was set apart for theology ; and in 1747 the colleges of St. Sal vator and St. Leonard were formed into the United college. The buildings of St. Leonard's are now occupied as a school for girls. The college chapel is in ruins. The United college occupies the site of St. Salvator's college, but the old buildings have been re moved, with the exception of the college chapel, now used as the university chapel and the parish church of St. Leonard's, a fine Gothic structure, containing an elaborate tomb of Bishop Ken nedy and Knox's pulpit ; the entrance gateway, with a square clock tower; and the janitor's house with some class-rooms above. University college, Dundee, was in 1897 affiliated to the university of St. Andrews. In 1892 provision was made within the university for the instruction of women ; and for the board and residence of women students a permanent building was opened in 1896. Medical buildings were opened in 1899. Madras college, founded and endowed by Dr. Andrew Bell (1755-1832) is a famous school.
St. Andrews was probably the site of a Pictish stronghold, and tradition declares that Kenneth, the patron saint of Kennoway, established a Culdee monastery here in the 6th century. The foundations of the little church dedicated to the Virgin were dis covered on the Kirkheugh in 186o. Another Culdee church of St. Mary on the Rock is supposed to have stood on the Lady's Craig, now covered by the sea. At that period the name of the place was Kilrymont (Gaelic, "The church of the king's mount") or Muckross. St. Andrews is said to have been made a bishopric in the 9th century, and when the Pictish and Scottish churches were united in 9o8, the primacy was transferred to it from Dun keld, its bishops being thereafter known as bishops of Alban. It became an archbishopric during the primacy of Patrick Gra ham (1466-1478). The town was created a royal burgh in In the 16th century St. Andrews was one of the most important ports north of the Forth, but it fell into decay after the Civil War.