Juan Martinez De Rozas

ROZAS, JUAN MARTINEZ DE the earliest leader in the Chilean struggle for independence, was born at Mendoza in 1759. In early life he was a professor of law, and of theology and philosophy at Santiago. He held the post of acting governor of Concepcion at one time, and was also colonel in a militia regiment. In 1808 he became secretary to the last Spanish governor, Francisco Antonio Carrasco, and used his position to prepare the nationalist movement that began in 1809.

After resigning his position as secretary, Rozas was mainly re sponsible for the resignation of the Spanish governor, and the formation of a national Junta on Sept. 18, 181o, of which he was the real leader. Under his influence many reforms were initiated, freedom of trade was established, an army was organized and a national congress was called together in July 1811. He died at Mendoza on March 3, 1813.

is

a mandated territory in East Africa lying between the first and fourth degrees of south latitude and 29° to 31 ° east longitude. It is bounded on the north by Uganda, on the east and south by Tanganyika Territory, and on the west by the Belgian Congo. It comprises that portion of the former German colony of East Africa which was assigned under mandate to Belgium after the World War, an area of about 22,000 sq. miles. There was much delay in issuing the mandate—for which the con currence of the United States had to be obtained—and this was further prolonged by the readjustment of the frontier. It was not therefore until Oct. 1924, that the mandate was formally ac cepted by the Belgian parliament. A law was then passed by which the territory should be administered as an integral part of the Congo colony but with a separate budget.

The country is divided into two distinct units—Ruanda and Urundi. Each is supervised by a resident with headquarters at

Kigali and Kiteja respectively, the capital being at first at Usum bura on Tanganyika lake. The site for a new capital, in a healthy part of the highlands, was selected in 1927 and was named Astrida after the Duchess of Brabant. It is the declared policy of Belgium to support the authority of the native chiefs and to rule through them. Early in 1928 there was a revolt against Musinga, the king of Ruanda. The movement was also anti-white and spread across the border into the south-west corner of Uganda. Belgian and British forces restored order. The European population in 1927 was: Ruanda 164; Urundi, 192.

The greater part of the country is mountainous and lies at a high altitude. Lakes Tanganyika and Kivu form part of its fron tiers and there are numerous other small lakes—one, Karago, at an altitude of 6,000 feet. The population is estimated at 5,000, 000, the density in some areas being upwards of 30o to the sq. mile. The bulk of the people are of Bantu.stock, but the ruling caste are of the pastoral Wahima race, as in Uganda, Bunyoro and Ankole. The wealth of the country consists in its flocks and herds. A movement of large numbers of natives into the Belgian Congo was noted in 1928.

The local revenue, derived in part from a direct tax on the natives, is supplemented by a grant from Belgium. Owing to its distance from the sea and the lack of cheap transport, the trade of the country developed but slowly. A quantity of foodstuffs with livestock and hides is exported. The trade figures for 1927 were, exports 19,500,000 francs ; imports 30,087,000 francs (see MAN