i The building which houses the National library, opened in 1910 in commemoration of the centenary of its founding (18o8), also a notable addition to the city.
Rio has no cathedral, the old imperial chapel facing the Praca 15 de Novembro being used for that purpose. The most note worthy church is the Candelaria church, in the commercial district, with twin towers and graceful dome.
Education.—Although much money is given to hospitals and asylums, Rio de Janeiro has no great educational institutions either public or private. The Medical school, the school of law and the Polytechnic school were consolidated (192o) into the University of Rio de Janeiro, a federal institution. The Gym nasio Nacional, formerly the Collegio D. Pedro II., is a boys' college of a high school grade, located on Rua Floriano Peixoto, with an internato or boarding-school in Rua de S. Francisco Xavier. One of the most noteworthy schools of the city is the Lyceo de Artes e Officios, located on Rua 13 de Maio, opposite the opera-house (1858). Another important school is the In stituto Benjamin Constant, a school for the blind, located in a fine new edifice on the Praia da Saudade, Botafogo. Primary in struction is provided by the municipality, which in 1920 main tained 32o day schools and 68 night schools, with a matriculation of 74,111 pupils in the former and 8,662 in the latter. The semi nary on Castle Hill, called the Seminario Episcopal de Sao Jose, founded in 1739 and devoted exclusively to the education of priests, is the best classical school in the city.
There are a number of charitable institutions which are devoted to the education of orphans, the blind and the deaf and dumb. Among other educational institutions are a conservatory of music, school of fine arts, normal school, a military college, a naval academy, a rich national library, the Cabinete Portuguez da Leitura, the national observatory on Castle Hill, the national museum now domiciled in the Sao Christova,o palace in the midst of a pretty park, a zoological garden in the suburb of Villa Isabel, and the famous botanical garden founded by Dom Joao VI. in 1808 and now a horticultural experiment station.
Hospitals, etc.—Rio de Janeiro is well provided with hos pitals, asylums and benevolent institutions. Chief of these is the
Misericordia hospital, popularly known as the "Santa Casa," be longing to a religious brotherhood dating from 1591. In addition to a large income from rentals, the Santa Casa receives the product of certain port taxes in return for opening its wards to the crews of all vessels in port. Other public hospitals are a lepers' hospital in Sao Christov5.o, the military and naval hos pitals, the Sao Sebastiao hospital and the isolation and contagious diseases hospitals in Jurujuba. There are also a number of private hospitals maintained by church brotherhoods and charitable asso ciations; among them are the Portuguese hospital in Rua de Santo Amaro and the Strangers' hospital (American and British) in Botafogo. Most prominent among the asylums is the Hospicio Nacional for the insane, on the Praia da Saudade, Botafogo, which was erected in 1842-52.
Harbour, Communications and Commerce.—The port and harbour of Rio de Janeiro are the largest and most important in the republic. The entrance is open to vessels of the largest draught, and there is sufficient deep-water anchorage inside for the navies of the world. The lower anchorage, where the health officers visit vessels, is below Ilha Fiscal, and the upper, or com mercial anchorage, is in the broad part of the bay above Ilha das Cobras, the national coasting vessels occupying the shallower waters near the Saiade and GambOa districts. The custom-house occupies a considerable part of the shore-line before the old city.
The new port works consist of a new water front for the Satade, Gamboa and Sacco de Alferes districts, in which the ship ping interests are centred, and a continuation of the sea-wall across the shallow Sao Christovao bay to the Ponta do Cajti, the large reclaimed area being filled in by the removal of some small hills. The commercial quays are built in deep water and permit the mooring alongside of the largest vessels. The total length of the commercial quays is about 3,80o yards. Railway and tramway connections are provided and both electric and hydraulic power are available. Special surtaxes are levied on imports to meet the interest and redemption charges on the loans raised for the execution of these important works.