Railway communication with the interior is maintained by the Central do Brazil (formerly the Dom Pedro II.), Leopoldina and Melhoramentos lines, besides which there is a short passenger line up to the Corcovado about 2.4 m. long, an electric line to Tijuca, and a narrow-gauge line running out to the Rio do Ouro water works. There is communication with Petropolis by a branch line of the Leopoldina system, and also by a steamer to the head of the bay and thence by rail up the serra.
Rio de Janeiro is the seaport for a large area of the richest, most productive and most thickly settled parts of Brazil, includ ing the States of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes and a small part of eastern Sao Paulo. Its exports include coffee, sugar, hides, cabinet woods, tobacco and cigars, tapioca, gold, diamonds, manganese and sundry small products. Rio is also a distributing centre in the coasting trade, and many imported products, such as jerked beef (came secca), hay, flour, wines, etc., appear among the coastwise exports, as well as domestic manufactures. The total exports for 1925 amounted to one-fifth the exportation of the whole country. Formerly Rio led all other ports in the export of coffee, but the enormous increase in production in the State of Sao Paulo has given Santos the lead. Rio handles about two fif the the importation of the whole republic.
Manufactures.—The industrial activities of Rio de Janeiro have been largely increased since the organization of the republic through increased import duties on foreign products. There were a number of protected industries before this, but they made slight impression on imports. In 1920 there were 1,265 factories, with operatives, representing a capital of nearly 270,000,00o paper milreis and an annual production valued at 5,000,000,00o milreis. Rio de Janeiro has manufactures of flour from imported wheat, cotton, woollen and silk textiles, boots and shoes, ready made clothing, furniture, vehicles, cigars and cigarettes, choco late, fruit conserves, refined sugar, biscuits, macaroni, ice, beer, artificial liquors, mineral waters, soap, stearine candles, per fumery, feather flowers, printing type, etc. There are numerous machine and repair shops, the most important of which are the shops of the Central railway. One of the most important in dustrial enterprises in the city is the electric plant belonging to the Rio de Janeiro Light and Power Company.
was computed at 227,089,200 paper milreis, of which 129,225,450 milreis was an external debt, and 97,863,750 milreis internal. The revenue had grown from 29,070,883 paper milreis in 1910 to 51,182,357 paper milreis in 1919. There is some confusion in administration and accounts, however, and it is sometimes diffi cult to determine the exact situation. The Federal District is represented in Congress by three senators and ten deputies, and is credited with the rights and privileges of citizenship. On the other hand, the city is a garrison town and under the direct administration of the national executive, who controls its police force, and exercises part control over its streets, squares and water front. In the work of improving the city, the national Government assumed the expense of the commercial quays, the filling of the Sao Christovao bay, the opening of the Mangue canal and its embellishment, the opening of the Avenida Central, the extension of the sewage system and the addition of new sources to the water supply, while the city was responsible for the Avenida Beira-Mar, the opening of a new avenue from the Largo da Lapa westward to Rua Frei Caneca, the removal of the Morro do Senado, the widening of some streets crossing the Avenida Central and the opening and straightening of other streets.
History.—The discovery of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro is attributed by many Portuguese writers to Andre Gonsalves, who entered its waters on Jan. 1, 1502, and believed that it was the mouth of a great river, hence the name Rio de Janeiro (River of January). Another Portuguese navigator, Martim Affonso de Souza, visited it in 1531, but passed on to Sao Vicente, near Santos, where he established a colony. The first settlement in the bay was made by an expedition of French Huguenots under the command of Nicholas Durand Villegaignon, who established his colony on the small island that bears his name. In 1560 their fort was captured and destroyed by a Portuguese expedition from Bahia under Mem de Si, and in 1567 another expedition under the same commander again destroyed the French settle ments, which had spread to the mainland. The victory was won on Jan. 20, the feast-day of St. Sebastian the Martyr, who be came the patron saint of the new settlement and gave it his name—Sao Sebastido do Rio de Janeiro. The French had named their colony La France Antarctique, and their island fort had been called Ft. Coligny. In 1710 a French expedition of five vessels and about t,000 men under Duclerc attempted to regain possession, but was defeated; its commander was captured and later assassinated. This led to a second French expedition, under Duguay Trouin, who entered the bay on Sept. 12, 1711, and captured the town on the 22nd. Trouin released Duclerc's im prisoned followers, exacted a heavy ransom and then withdrew.