Rugby

RUGBY, a market town in Warwickshire, England, finely situ ated on a tableland rising from the south bank of the Avon, near the Oxford canal. Pop. of urban district (1931) 23,824. Rugby was originally a hamlet of the adjoining parish of Clifton-on Dunsmore, and is separately treated of as such in Domesday Book. Ernaldus de Bosco (Ernald de Bois), lord of the manor of Clif ton, erected the first chapel in Rugby, in the reign of Stephen, about 1140. It was afterwards granted by him, with certain lands, to endow the abbey of St. Mary, Leicester, which grant was con firmed by his successors and by royal charter of Henry II. In the second year of King John (1200) a suit took place between Henry de Rokeby, lord of the manor of Rugby, and Paul, abbot of St. Mary, Leicester, which resulted in the former obtaining posses sion of the advowson of Rugby, on condition of homage and serv ice to the abbot of Leicester. Rugby is an important junction on the L.M.S. railway, by which it is 822m. N.W. from London.

The boys' school, ranking as one of the first public schools in England, was founded and endowed under the will (1567) of Laurence Sheriff of Rugby. The endowment consisted of the parsonage of Brownsover, Sheriff's mansion house in Rugby and one-third (8 ac.) of his estate in Middlesex, which, being let on building leases, gradually increased to about 15,000 a year. The full endowment was obtained in 1653. The school originally stood opposite the parish church, and was removed to its present site on the south side of the town between 174o and 175o. In 5809 it was rebuilt from designs by Henry Hakewill (1771-183o) • the chapel, dedicated to St. Lawrence, was added in 182o. The 'On this work see Dom Butler in Texts and Studies, vi. i. pp. Do ff.

chapel was rebuilt and reconsecrated in 1872, and additions were made in 1898. The Temple observatory, containing a fine equa

torial refractor by Alvan Clark, was built in 1877, and the Temple reading-room with the art museum in 1878. The workshops under neath the gymnasium were opened in 188o, and a new big school and class-rooms were erected in 1885.

RUGE, ARNOLD

(1802-188o), German philosopher and political writer, was born at Bergen, in the island of Ridgen, on Sept. 13, 18o2. As a student he joined the national movement, and was confined for five years in the fortress of Kolberg, where he studied Plato and the Greek poets. On his release in 183o he published Schill und die Seinen, a tragedy, and a translation of Oedipus at Colonus. In 1837 with E. T. Echtermeyer he founded at Halle the Hallesche Jahrbficher fur deutsche Kunst und Wissenschaft, in which he advocated the Hegelian philosophy, The Jahrbficher was detested by the orthodox party in Prussia; and was finally suppressed by the Saxon Government in 1843. In the 1848 revolution he organized the Extreme Left in the Frank furt parliament, and for some time he edited Die Reform in Ber lin. The Prussian Government intervened and Ruge soon after wards left for Paris, and then for London. Here, with Ledru Rollin and Mazzini, he formed a "European Democratic Com mittee." Ruge, however, soon withdrew. In 1866 and 187o he vigorously supported Prussia against Austria, and Germany against France. In his last years he received a pension from the German Government. He died on Dec. 31, 1880. After the publication of his Gesammelte ScItriften (io vols., 1846-48) he wrote, among other books, Unser System, Revolutionsnovellen, Die Loge des Humanismus, and Aus fruiterer Zeit (his memoirs). His Letters and Diary (1825-8o) were published by Paul Nerrlich (1885-87).