SAL AMMONIAC or AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, the earliest known salt of ammonia (q.v.), was formerly much used in dyeing and metallurgic operations.
The name Hammoniacus sal (from ii,upos sand) occurs in Pliny, who relates that it was applied to a kind of fossil salt found below the sand, in a district of Cyrenaica. The general opinion is, that the sal ammoniac of the ancients was the same as that of the moderns ; but the imperfect description of Pliny is far from being conclusive. The native sal ammoniac of Bucharia, de scribed by Model and Karsten, and analysed by M. H. Klaproth, has no resemblance to the salt described by Pliny. The same remark applies to the sal ammoniac of volcanoes. Dioscorides, in mentioning sal ammoniac, makes use of a phrase quite irrecon cilable with the description of Pliny, and applicable rather to rock salt than to our sal ammoniac. Sal ammoniac, he says, is peculiarly prized if it can be easily split into rectangular fragments. Finally, we have no proof whatever that sal ammoniac occurs near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, or in any part of Cyrenaica, so it is improbable that the name is derived from Ammon, and it seems that the term sal ammoniac was applied as indefinitely by the ancients as most of their other chemical terms. In any case there can be no doubt that it was well known to the alchemists as early as the 13th century.
Egypt is the country where sal ammoniac was first manufac tured, and thence Europe for many years was supplied with it. This commerce was first carried on by the Venetians, and after wards by the Dutch. In 1716 C. J. Geoffroy read a paper to the French Academy, showing that sal ammoniac must be formed by sublimation ; but his opinion was opposed so violently by W. Horn berg and N. Lemery, that the paper was not printed. In 1719 D. Lemaire, the French consul at Cairo, sent the Academy an account of the mode of manufacturing sal ammoniac in Egypt. The salt, it appeared, was obtained by simple sublimation from soot. In the year 176o Linnaeus communicated to the Royal Society a correct detail of the whole process, which he had received from Dr. F. Hasselquist, who had travelled in that country as a naturalist. The dung of black cattle, horses, sheep, goats, etc., which contains sal ammoniac ready formed, is collected during the first four months of the year, when the animals feed on the spring grass, a kind of clover. It is dried, and sold to the common people as fuel. The soot from this fuel is carefully collected and sold to the sal ammoniac makers, who work only during the months of March and April, for it is only at that season of the year that the dung is fit for their purpose.
The composition of this salt (NII4C1) seems to have been first discovered by J. P. Tournefort in 170o. The experiments of C. J. Geoffroy in 1716 and 1723 were still more decisive, and those of H. L. Duhamel de Monceau, in 1735, left no doubt
upon the subject. Thomson first deduced its composition syn thetically from his observation that when hydrochloric acid gas and ammonia gas are brought in contact with each other, they always combine in equal volumes.
The first attempt to manufacture sal ammoniac in Europe was made, about the beginning of the 18th century, by Goodwin, a London chemist, who appears to have used the mother lye of com mon salt and putrid urine as ingredients. The first successful manufacture of sal ammoniac in Great Britain was established in Edinburgh about the year 176o. It was first manufactured in France about the same time by A. Baume. It is now obtained from the ammoniacal liquor of gas works by distilling the liquor with milk of lime and passing the ammonia so obtained into hydrochloric acid. The solution of ammonium chloride so ob tained is evaporated and the crude ammonium chloride purified by sublimation. The salt volatilizes (mostly in the form of a mixed vapour of the two components, which reunite on cooling), and condenses in the dome in the form of a characteristically fibrous and tough crust.
The pure salt has a sharp saline taste and is readily soluble in water. It readily volatilizes, and if moisture be rigorously ex cluded, it does not dissociate, but in the presence of mere traces of water it dissociates into ammonia and hydrochloric acid (H. B. Baker, 1895). (See also DRYNESS, CHEMICAL.) Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride, British and United States pharmacopoeiae) as used in medicine is a white crystalline odour less powder having a saline taste. It is soluble in 3 parts of cold water and in 5o parts of 9o% alcohol. It is incompatible with carbonates of the alkalis. The dose is 5 to 20 gr. Ammonium chloride has a different action and therapeutic use from the rest of the ammonium salts. It possesses only slight influence over the heart and respiration, but it has a specific effect on mucous membranes as the elimination of the drug takes place largely through the lungs, where it aids in loosening bronchial secretions. This action renders it of the utmost value in bronchitis and pneumonia with associated bronchitis. The drug may be given in a mixture with glycerine or liquorice to cover the disagreeable taste or it may be used in a spray by means of an atomizer. Though ammonium chloride has irritant properties which may disorder the stomach, yet if its mucous membrane be depressed and atonic the drug may improve its condition, and it has been used with success in gastric and intestinal catarrhs of a subacute type and is given in doses of io grains half an hour before meals in painful dyspepsia due to hyperacidity. It is also an intestinal and hepatic stimulant and a feeble diuretic and diaphoretic, and has been considered a specific in some forms of neuralgia.