Russo Polish Campaign
Russo-polish Campaign. This Campaign, Of 192o, Which Resulted In The Defeat And Rout Of The Soviet Army When It Was Within Sight Of The Polish Capital, Is Full Of Dramatic Incident. Organization Of Command, Staff And Administration Was Lacking On Both Sides, But Above All It Was The Want Of ...
Rustication
Rustication, In Architecture, A Form Of Masonry In Which The Stones Have Their Edges Cut Back To A Careful Plane Surface, But With The Central Portion Of The Stone Face Either Left Rough Or Projecting Markedly. (see Drafted Masonry.) Rusti Cated Masonry Is Found In The Platform Of The Tomb ...
Rustless Steel
Rustless Steel. The Simplest And Cheapest Rustless Steels Are Ordinary Mild Steels Containing Chromium. Resistance Of The Steel To Rusting Depends On The Amount Of Chromium It Con Tains. The Addition Of To% Of Chromium To Pure Iron Suppresses Its Solubility In Water; The Resulting Pure Chromium-iron Might Be Regarded ...
Rutebeuf Or Rustebuef
Rutebeuf Or Rustebuef (fl. 1245-1285), French Trouvere, Was Born In The First Half Of The 13th Century. His Name Is Nowhere Mentioned By His Contemporaries. He Frequently Plays In His Verse On The Word Rutebeuf, Which Was Probably A Pseudo Nym. Some Of His Poems Have Autobiographical Value. In Le ...
Ruthenia Or Carpathian Ruthenia
Ruthenia Or Carpathian Ruthenia, An Au Tonomous Part Of Hungary, From 1918-39 An Autonomous Part Of Czechoslovakia. Its Northern Frontier Follows The Ridge Of The Carpathian Mountains Between Hungary And Poland. Much Of The Province Is Mountainous, Deeply Dissected By Incised Valleys Which Often Open Into Broad, Fertile Basins In ...
Ruthenians
Ruthenians, A Name Also Applied To Those Ukrainians, Or Little Russians, Who Were Formerly Austrian Subjects. The Name Is Simply A Latinized Form Of "russian," The Terms "red Russian," Etc., Being Due To False Derivations. When, However, The Early Ruthene States Lost Their Independence, The Term "russia" Was Monopolized By ...
Ruthenium
Ruthenium, The Last Of The Six Platinum Metals To Be Identified, Occurs In Small Amount Only In Ores From South Amer Ica, And Was Hence Overlooked By Wollaston And Tennant In 1803 04 (symbol Ru, Atomic Number 45, Atomic Weight, 101.7). The First Indication Of The Existence Of Ruthenium Was ...
Ruthven
Ruthven (riv'en), Name Of A Noble Scottish Family Tracing Descent From A Certain Thor, Who Settled In Scotland During The Reign Of David I. In 1488 One Of Its Members, Sir William Ruthven (d. 1528), Was Created A Lord Of Parliament As Lord Ruthven. Patrick, 3rd Lord Ruthven (c. 152o-1566), ...
Rutile
Rutile, The Most Abundant Of The Three Native Forms Of Titanium Dioxide, ; The Others Being Anatase And Brookite (qq.v.). Like Anatase, It Crystallizes In The Tetragonal System, But With Different Angles And Cleavages, It Being Crystallographically Related To Cassiterite, With Which It Is Isomorphous The Crystals Resemble Cassiterite In ...
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, Poet, Flourished At The Beginning Of The 5th Century A.d. He Was The Author Of A Latin Poem, De Reditu Suo, In Elegiac Metre, Describ Ing A Coast Voyage From Rome To Gaul In A.d. 416. The Literary Excellence Of The Work, And The Flashes Of Light ...
Rutland
Rutland, A City Of Vermont, U.s.a., The County Seat Of Rutland County; On Otter Creek, 85 M. N.e. Of Albany (new York). It Is Served By The Delaware And Hudson And The Rutland Railways. Pop. (1920) 14,954 (9o% Native White) ; 193o Federal Census 17,315. Rutland Has A Beautiful Site, ...
Rutland
Rutland, A Midland County Of England, Bounded North And East By Lincolnshire, North And West By Leicestershire, And South-east By Northamptonshire. It Is The Smallest County In England, Having An Area Of 152 Sq. Miles. The Western Portion Is Formed Of The Jurassic Beds, Including Lias, Inferior Oolites And Great ...
Ruwenzori
Ruwenzori, Also Known As Runsoro Or Kokora, A Moun Tain Range Of Central Africa, 65 M. Long And With A Maximum Breadth Of 3o M., Trending A Little East Of North, Lying Just North Of The Equator Between Lakes Edward And Albert. The Range Falls Steeply On The West To ...
Ruysdael
Ruysdael (or Ruisdael), Jacob Van (c. 1682), The Most Celebrated Of The Dutch Landscapists, Was Born At Haarlem. It Is Not Known Where He Studied. His Father, Isaak, Was A Framemaker, Who Also Painted And It Is Suggested That Jacob Studied First Under Him And That He Was Then Under ...
Ryazan
Ryazan, A Province Of The Russian S.f.s.r., Surrounded By Those Of Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhegorod, Penza, Tambov And Tula, And Not Coinciding With The Pre-1917 Province Of The Same Name. Area. 39,967 Sq.km. Pop. (1926) 2,429,117, Mainly Great Russians, With Some Tatars, Poles And Jews In The Towns. The Province Is ...
Ryukyu Archipelago
Ryukyu Archipelago (called Also Luchu), A Long Chain Of Islands Belonging To Japan, Stretching From A Point 8o M. S. Of Kyushu To A Point 73 M. From The N.e. Coast Of Formosa, And Lying Between 24° And 3o° N. And 123° And 130° E. Japanese Cartographers Reckon The Luchu ...
Saar Sarre Territory
Saar (sarre) Territory, An Industrial And Mining Region On The Franco-german Frontier, North Of Lorraine, Near The Iron-ore Deposits Of Briey. Area, 726 Sq. Miles. Pop. 770,030. Chief Town, Saarbriicken (pop. 125,020). Basic Industry : Coal, Good For Industrial Purposes And Gas Production And Moderate For Coke, With 31 Mines ...
Sabaeans
Sabaeans. This Name Is Used Loosely For The Ancient Dwellers In South-west Arabia, In The Parts Now Called Yemen, Hadramaut And Asir. Strictly It Belongs To One Tribe And One State Only. The Chief Source Of Information About These Peoples Is Their Inscriptions, Found In Their Own Land And Elsewhere ...
Sabbatai Sebi 1626 1676
Sabbatai Sebi (1626-1676), Jewish Mystic, Who Claimed To Be The Messiah, Was Born In Smyrna, Of Spanish Descent. As A Lad He Was Attracted By The Mysticism Of Luria (q.v.), Which Impelled Him To Adopt The Ascetic Life. He Passed His Days And Nights In A Condition Of Ecstasy. He ...
Sabbath
Sabbath, The Seventh And Especially Sacred Day Of The Week Among The Jews. Troduces Two Of The Main Methods To Which Historical Criticism Of The Old Testament Has Recurred In Modern Times: He Appeals To The Oldest History Rather Than To The Pentateuchal Code As Proving That The Later Conception ...
Sabbation Or Sambatyon
Sabbation Or Sambatyon, A River (i) Natural And (2) Supernatural. (i) The Targum Pseudo-jonathan To Exod. Xxxiv., 10 States That The Ten Tribes Were Exiled Beyond The Sambatyon: This Is Repeated In Gen. Rabba Lxxiii.: Num. Rab. Xvi. And Yalqiit Genesis 984. This Is Therefore A River In Media, Identified ...
Sabellic
Sabellic (from Latin Sabellus, Samnite) Has Often Been Used Of A Minor Group Of The Italic Dialects, Namely The Pre Latin Dialects Of The Paeligni, Marrucini And Vestini (better Called North Oscan), Of The Volsci, And Of The Marsi, Aequi, Sabini And Other Central Italian Tribes (conveniently Called Latin Ian) ...
Sabellius
Sabellius (fl. 230), Early Christian Presbyter And Theo Logian, Was Of Libyan Origin, And Came From The Pentapolis To Rome Early In The 3rd Century. He Became The Leader Of The Strict Modalists (who Regarded The Father And The Son As Two Aspects Of The Same Subject) Whom Calixtus Had ...
Sabians
Sabians. The Sabians (as-sabi'fin) Who Are First Mentioned In The Koran (ii. 59, V. 73, Xxii. 17) Were A Semi-christian Sect Of Babylonia, The Elkesaites, Closely Resembling The Mandaeans Or So-called "christians Of St. John The Baptist," But Not Identical With Them. How Mohammed Understood The Term "sabians" Is Uncertain, ...
Sabini
Sabini. This Was An Ancient Tribe Of Italy Which Was More Closely In Touch With The Romans From The Earliest Recorded Period Than Any Other Italic People. They Dwelt In The Mountain Ous Country East Of The Tiber, And North Of The Districts Inhabited By The Latins And The Aequians ...
Sabratha
Sabratha, An Ancient City Of Africa Proconsularis (tripolis), Founded In The 7th-6th Century B.c. By Tyrian Settlers As A Factory On The Shore Of A Flat And Inhospitable Coast, Mod. Sabratha Vulpia, 48 M. W. Of Tripoli By Rail. Towards The End Of The 2nd Century A.d. Its Prosperity Began ...
Saccharin
Saccharin, A Name Given To Several Totally Different Chemical Substances Of Which The Most Noteworthy Is The Saccharin Of Commerce, A Coal-tar Product Having An Excessively Sweet Taste. This Substance, Which Is The Imide Of Ortho-sulphobenzoic Acid And Referred To Scientifically As Ortho-benzoicsulphinide, Was Discovered By Ira Remsen And C. ...
Sacketts Harbor
Sackett's Harbor, A Village In Jefferson County, New York, U.s.a., At The Eastern End Of Lake Ontario, On The South Shore Of Black River Bay, About I M. From Its Mouth, And About 10 M. W. By S. Of Watertown. Pop. (iwo) 868; (1930) Sackett's Harbor Is Served By The ...
Sacking And Sack Manufacture
Sacking And Sack Manufacture. Sacking Is A Heavy Closely-woven Fabric, Originally Made Of Flax, But Now Almost Exclusively Made Of Jute Or Of Hemp. The More Expensive Kinds, Such As Are Used For Coal Sacks For Government And Other Vessels, Are Made Of Hemp, But The Jute Fibre Is Extensively ...
Sacrament
Sacrament, The Title Given By Christians To An External Rite Or Ceremony Regarded As The Instrument, Or At Least A Symbol, Of The Reception By Those Who Participate In It Of A Spiritual Benefit Whereof Christ Is The Author. As The Conception Of A Spiritual Benefit Received Through Participation In ...
Sacramento
Sacramento, The Capital City Of California, U.s.a., And The County-seat Of Sacramento County, On The East Bank Of The Sacramento River, At The Mouth Of The American, Midway Between The Sierra Nevada And The Pacific Ocean. It Is On Federal High Ways 4o, 5o And 99 ; Has Several Airports, ...
Sacrifice
Sacrifice, The Ritual Destruction Of An Object, Or, More Commonly, The Slaughter Of A Victim By Effusion Of Blood, Suffo Cation, Fire Or Other Means (from Lat. Sacrificium; Sacer, Holy And Facere, To Make). While The Hebrew For Sacrifice, Makes The Killing Of The Victim The Central Feature, The Latin ...
Sacrilege
Sacrilege, The Violation Or Profanation Of Sacred Things. The Word Comes From The Lat. Sacrilegium, Which Originally Meant Merely The Theft Of Sacred Things, Although Already In Cicero's Time It Had Grown To Include In Popular Speech Any Insult Or Injury To Them. In Primitive Religions Inclusive Of Almost Every ...
Saddlery And Harness
Saddlery And Harness. These Two Terms Embrace The Equipment For The Horse When Used For Riding Or Driving. "harness" Was Originally A General Term For Equipment, E.g., The Body Armour Of A Soldier. It Is Now Usually Confined To The Work And Driving Horse's Equipment, "saddle And Bridle" Being Applied ...
Sadducees
Sadducees, The Name Of A Party Which Was Opposed To The Pharisees Down To The Destruction Of Jerusalem In A.d. 7o. The Sadducees Have Been Represented, Not So Much An Organized Party, As The Lax And Wordly-minded Aristocrats, Who Were Primari Ly Interested In Maintaining Their Own Privileged Position ; ...
Sadhu
Sadhu, A Sanskrit Word Meaning "straight," So "pure," A Saint-like Ascetic Or Devotee, Who May Belong To Any Order, Such As The Sanyasis, Bairagis Or Gosains. Diwein, Or Collection Of Lyrical Poetry, Far Surpasses The Bfistan And Gulistan, At Any Rate In Quantity, And Perhaps In Quality. Minor Works Are ...
Sadler
Sadler (or Sadleir ) , Sir Ralph (1507-1587), English Statesman, The Son Of Henry Sadler, Steward Of The Manor Of Cilney, Near Great Hadham, Hertfordshire, Was Born At Hackney, Middlesex, In 1507. While A Child He Was Placed In The Family Of Thomas Cromwell, Afterwards Earl Of Essex, Whose Secretary ...
Safeguarding Of Industry
Safeguarding Of Industry. This Is A Term Which Has Come Into Use To Designate A Policy, Entered Upon By Great Britain After The World War, Of Tariff Protection To Particular Industries Under Certain Definitely Prescribed Conditions. The Idea Took Shape At The Economic Conference Of The Allies In Paris In ...
Safety Lamp
Safety Lamp. On One Occasion George Stephenson Of Locomotive Fame Observed That The Flame Of The Candle Did Not Pass Through The Small Apertures Of The Latticed Fender, And He Gathered From This Fact The Rude Idea Of His Safety Lamp Which He Constructed And Tried At Killingworth Colliery, Near ...
Saffron
Saffron, A Product Manufactured From The Dried Stigmas And Part Of The Style Of The Saffron Crocus, A Cultivated Form Of Crocus Sativus; Some Of The Wild Forms Are Also Employed For The Manufacture. The Purple Flower, Which Blooms Late In Autumn, Is Very Similar To That Of The Common ...
Saffron Walden
Saffron Walden, A Market-town And Municipal Bor Ough In Essex, England, On A Branch Of The L.n.e.r., 434 M. N.n.e. From London. Pop. (1931) 5,93o. Of The Old Castle, Dating Probably From The 12th Century, The Keep And A Few Other Portions Still Remain. Near It Are A Series Of ...
Saga
Saga, Originally Something Related, Icelandic Segin Saga, A Tale Told, In English A Saw. The Early Books Speak Of Sagas Which, Apparently, Were Never Written Down And Were In Consequence Lost ; But, As Soon As The Art Of Writing Was Understood, The Word Saga Began For The Future To ...
Sago
Sago, A Food-starch Prepared From A Deposit In The Trunk Of Several Palms, The Principal Source Being The Sago Palms (metro Xylon Rumphii And M. Laeve), A Native Of The East Indian Archi Pelago, The Sago Forests Being Especially Extensive In The Island Of Ceram. The Trees Flourish Only In ...
Sahara
Sahara, The Great Desert Of North Africa. It Forms The Western Part Of A Wide Desert Tract Which Extends From The Atlantic Ocean Through Egypt, Across The Red Sea And Through Arabia To Mesopotamia. Its Physical Boundaries Are In Some Directions Clearly Defined But In Others Vague, Conventional And Disputed. ...
Sailcloth And Sailmaking
Sailcloth And Sailmaking. Sailcloth, Now More Commonly Called Canvas (q.v.) Or, In The United States, Duck, Is Usually A Double Warp, Single Weft Fabric Of The Same Structure As Bagging (q.v.) And Tarpaulin, Although It Is Sometimes Made With Single Threads Of Warp. Hemp And Ramie Are Occasionally Used In ...
Sainfoin
Sainfoin (onobrychis Sativa) In Botany Is A Low-growing Perennial Plant Of The Pea Family (leguminosae), With A Woody Rootstock, Whence Proceed The Stems, Which Are Covered With Fine Hairs And Bear Numerous Long Pinnate Leaves, The Segments Of Which Are Elliptic. The Flowers Are Borne In Close Pyramidal Or Cylindrical ...
Saint Albans
Saint Albans, A City Of North-western Vermont, U.s.a., A Port Of Entry And The County Seat Of Franklin County; 3 M. From Lake Champlain (st. Albans Bay) And 15 M. From The Canadian Border. It Is On Federal Highway 7, And Is Served By The Central Vermont Railway. Pop. (1920) ...
Saint Augustine
Saint Augustine, A City Of North-eastern Florida, U.s.a., On The Coast, 36 M. S.e. Of Jacksonville; A Port Of Entry And The County Seat Of St. Johns County. It Is On Federal Highway I And The East Coast Inland Waterway, And Is Served By The Florida East Coast Railway. Pop. ...
Saint Clair River
Saint Clair River, The Outlet For Lake Huron, Which In Turn Receives The Waters From Lakes Superior And Michigan. Forming Part Of The Boundary Between The State Of Michigan And The Province Of Ontario, Canada, It Flows In A Southerly Direction Into Lake St. Clair With A Fall Of About ...
Saint Paul
Saint Paul, The Capital City Of Minnesota, U.s.a., A Port Of Entry, The Judicial Seat Of Ramsey County, And Federal Head Quarters For The State; Near The Head Of Navigation On The Missis Sippi River, 2,15o M. From Its Mouth, Just Below And East Of Minneapolis. It Is On Federal ...
Saintes
Saintes, A Town Of Western France, Capital Of An Arrondisse Ment In The Department Of Charente-inferieure, 47 M. S.e. Of La Rochelle By The Railway From Nantes To Bordeaux. Pop. (1931) 16,152. Saintes (mediolanum Or Mediolanium), The Capital Of The Santones, Was A Flourishing Town Before Caesar's Conquest Of Gaul ...
Sakhalin
Sakhalin, An Island In The North Pacific, 600 M. Long, 16 To 105 Broad, Area 24,560 Sq.m., Lying Between 57' N., And 24' N., Separated From The Mainland By The Narrow, Shallow Strait Of Tartary Or Mamiya Strait, Which Often Freezes In Winter In Its Narrowest Part. By The Treaty ...
Sal Ammoniac Or Ammonium
Sal Ammoniac Or Ammonium Chloride, The Earliest Known Salt Of Ammonia (q.v.), Was Formerly Much Used In Dyeing And Metallurgic Operations. The Name Hammoniacus Sal (from Ii,upos Sand) Occurs In Pliny, Who Relates That It Was Applied To A Kind Of Fossil Salt Found Below The Sand, In A District ...
Salad
Salad, A Preparation Of Fresh Or Cooked Vegetables Or Other Ingredients, Eaten Cold, And Served With A Dressing Of Which Oil, Vinegar And Salt Are Essential Ingredients. The Word Comes From Med. Lat. Salata, Salted, Pickled, Salare, To Sprinkle With Salt. Salads Are Prepared From Raw Green Leaves And Stems ...
Saladin
Saladin (arab. Sala-ud-din, "honouring The Faith") (1138-1193), First Ayyubite Sultan Of Egypt, Was Born At Tekrit In 1138. The Brilliance Of His Career Was Only Made Possible By The Condition Of The East In The 12th Century. Such Authority As Remained To The Orthodox Caliph Of Baghdad (see Caliphate) Or ...
Salamanca
Salamanca, The Capital Of The Spanish Province Of Sala Manca (anc. Salmantica Or Elmantica), On The Right Bank Of The River Tormes, 2,648 Ft. Above Sea-level And 172 M. By Rail N.w. Of Madrid. Pop. (193o) 46,867. The Town Was Of Importance As Early As 222 B.c., When It Was ...
Salamander
Salamander. Salamanders In The Restricted Sense (genus Salarnandra) Are Allies Of The Newts, But Of Exclusively Ter Restrial Habits, Indicated By The Less Compressed Tail. The Genus Is Restricted To The Western Parts Of The Palaearctic Region And Represented By Four Species: The Spotted Salamander, S. Maculosa, The Well-known Black ...
Salamis
Salamis, An Island Of Greece In The Saronic Gulf Of The Aegean Sea, Extending Along The Coasts Of Attica And Megaris, And Enclosing The Bay Of Eleusis Between Two Narrow Straits On The W. And S. Its Area Is 36 Sq.m., Its Greatest Length In Any Direction Io M.; Its ...
Salamis_2
Salamis, The Principal City Of Ancient Cyprus, Situated On The East Coast North Of The River Pedias (pediaeus). It Had A Good Harbour, Well Situated For Commerce With Phoenicia, Egypt And Cilicia, Which Was Replaced In Mediaeval Times By Famagusta (q.v.), And Is Wholly Silted Now. Its Trade Was Mainly ...
Sale Of Goods
Sale Of Goods. The Law Of Sale Is Usually Treated As A Branch Of The Law Of Contract, Because Sale Is Effected By Contract. Thus Pothier Entitles His Classical Treatise On The Subject, Traite Du Contrat De Vente. But A Completed Contract Of Sale Is Some Thing More. It Is ...
Salem
Salem, A City Of Massachusetts, U.s.a., On The Coast, 15 M. N.e. Of Boston; A Port Of Entry, One Of The County Seats Of Essex County, And A City Of Great Historic Interest. It Is Served By The Boston And Maine Railroad. Pop. 42,697 In 1920 (26% Foreign Born White), ...
Salerno
Salerno (known In Roman And Mediaeval Times As Sa Lernum), A Small Seaport, Archiepiscopal See And Capital Of A Prov Ince Of The Same Name, About 3o M. S.e. Of Naples, Italy, Finely Situated At The Foot Of An Amphitheatre Of Hills. Pop. (1931) (town), 63,084 (commune). The Modern Town ...
Salesmanship
Salesmanship. No Consideration Of Salesmanship As A Serious Factor In Business Science Is Possible Without Having Simultaneous Regard To The Larger Subject Of Sales Organization And Control. The Function Of Selling May Be Divided Under Two Heads, Distributive Selling And Retail Selling. Some Special Forms Are Both Distributive, In That ...
Salford
Salford, City ; Municipal, County And Parliamentary Borough; Lancashire, England; 589 M. N.w. Of London. Pop. (1931) 223,442. Salford Also Gives Its Name To The Hundred Of South-west Lancashire In Which Manchester Is Situated. The Par Liamentary And Municipal Boundaries Of Salford Are Identical. The Parliamentary Borough Returns Three Members. ...
Salic Law
Salic Law And Other Frankish Laws. The Salic Law Is One Of Those Early Mediaeval Frankish Laws Which, With Other Early Germanic Laws Are Known Collectively As Leges Germanorum. It Originated With The Salian Franks. The Salic Law Has Come Down To Us In Numerous Mss. And Divers Forms. The ...
Salicylic Acid
Salicylic Acid, Employed In Many Medicinal Prepara Tions And In Food Preservation On Account Of Its Powerful Antiseptic Properties, Is One Of Three Hydroxybenzoic Acids, It Also Finds Considerable Use In The Manufacture Of Dyestuffs. (see Dyes, Synthetic.) It Crystallises From Hot Water In Prismatic Needles Melting At 156-159° C, ...
Salisbury
Salisbury, A City And Municipal Borough, And The County Town Of Wiltshire, England, 23 M. W. Of Winchester, With Sta Tions On The S.r. And G.w.r. Pop. (1931) 26,456. The City Lies Among Flat Meadows Mainly On The North Bank Of The River Avon, Which Is Here Joined By Tributaries. ...