ST. GERMAIN, TREATY OF (see also VERSAILLES, TRIANON, and NEUILLY, TREATIES OF) . Austria and Hungary had up to 1918 formed a diplomatic unit, but in Oct. 1918 they were virtually two separate States. The Armistice of Nov. 3 still recognized Austria-Hungary as a diplomatic unit, but Austria was proclaimed a Republic Nov. 12, as was Hungary Nov. 16. The Armistice concluded by the Powers direct with Hungary (Nov. 13) recognized that Power's de facto independ ence of Austria.
All the Powers, except the United States, early asserted that the "Fourteen Points," etc., did not apply to the settlements with Austria and Hungary. In Jan. 1919 it was known that even Wilson favoured including in Italy part of the Slovene population of Istria and Carniola, and would make Italy further concessions. On April 14 he agreed to grant Italy the Tirol south of the Brenner Pass, with about 250,000 Germans, as well as the Trentino, as already agreed by France and Great Britain. It was known also that the Czechoslovak State would include over 3,000,00o Germans. Austria was to be reduced to some two-thirds of her German-speaking territories. In mid-April M. Clemenceau obtained from his Allies the further important decision to prohibit union between Austria and Germany without the unanimous consent of the Council of the League. This was embodied in the draft treaty with Germany of May 6, and formed article 8o of the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, appear ing as article 88 of the Treaty of St. Germain, and article 72 of the Treaty of Neuilly.
On May 2 the Austrian delegation was invited to Paris. On June 2 they were presented with a very imperfect draft treaty, followed by a more detailed one on July 20. Austria made great protests, turning mainly on two points. She asserted the ap plicability of the "Fourteen Points" to her case, and her right therefore to retain all her German subjects. President Wilson alone was willing to extend the application of the "Fourteen Points" to Austria; the treaty assigned 3,500,000 Germans to Czechoslovakia, about 250,000 to Italy. The other main point of dispute was how far Austria must accept the responsibilities of old Austria-Hungary. The Allies finally decided that the Austrian Republic was not a new State but an old one lopped off certain outlying provinces and endowed with a new government. The Allies recognized this government de facto by accepting their credentials on May 22 and de jure on Sept. I o, by signing the treaty with them at St. Germain-en-Laye. It came into force on July 16 1920.
Part I. The Covenant, and Part XIII. Labour, are as in the Treaty of Versailles.
Part II. of the Austrian Treaty details the borders of the new Austrian State.
Part III. Political Clauses for Europe.—This deals with tech nical details such as the financial obligations of the former Austrian empire affecting Italy, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Rumania. Articles arranged for a plebiscite in two areas of the Klagenfurt basin. This plebiscite, taken in 1920,
went in Austria's favour. West Hungary, with about 333,000 souls, was transferred from Hungary to Austria but ultimately, in 1921, without its chief town (see BURGENLAND). Further clauses in Part III. dealt with the protection of racial and religious minorities. Article No. 88 prohibits Austria from alienating her independence (i.e., joining Germany) otherwise than with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations.
Part IV. Austrian Interests Outside Europe.—As in the Treaty of Versailles this part provides for a total renunciation of State properties immovable and movable outside Europe, and also of treaties, capitulations, concessions, etc., in the following countries: Morocco, Egypt, Siam and China.
Part V. Military, Naval and Air Clauses followed the general lines of the similar clauses in the Treaty of Versailles but showed somewhat more consideration to Austria. A long-service voluntary force not exceeding 30,00o was allowed. The manufacture of arms, etc., was confined to a single factory (article 132). The naval clauses were very drastic ; the whole Austro-Hungarian Navy was broken up or distributed among the Allies, Austria only retaining four patrol boats on her inland waters. The air clauses were as in the German Treaty.
Part VI. Prisoners of War and Graves, Part XI. Aerial Navi gation, were as in the German Treaty, with a few very small 1 alterations.
Part VII. Penalties provided for the trial before Allied military tribunals of Austrian offenders against the laws and customs of war. This provision was not executed.
Part VIII. Reparations; Part IX. Financial Clauses; Part X. Economic Clauses.—By article 177 Austria accepted responsi bility for herself and her Allies for causing loss and damage to the Allied (Entente) Governments by the War. The rest of the "Reparation Chapter" followed the corresponding section in the German Treaty. No lump sum was fixed, but discretion was, in effect, given to the Reparation Commission to fix it. Austria handed over her whole commercial fleet and much livestock to the Allies. Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland and Rumania had, however, to contribute to expenses incurred by the Allies in liberating their territory from Austria. The financial clauses involved many complex questions as to the allocation of pre-war debt and the distribution of war debts. All these provisions were somewhat relaxed by the Supreme Council on March 17 1921, and the process was completed by Austria placing her finances under control of the League in Sept. 1922 (see AUSTRIA).
Part XII. Port, waterways and railways, merely stressed some points in the corresponding section of the German Treaty.
See Treaty Series, No. II (Cmd. 400 of 1919) ; also H. W. V. Temperley (ed.), A History of the Peace Conference of Paris; vol. iv. and v. (Institute of International Affairs, London, 1921).