Scotland

The leading public schools on the English model are Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perthshire; Loretto School, Musselburgh, and Fettes College, Merchiston College and the Academy in Edinburgh.

(a) Universities and Colleges.—There are four universities in Scotland, namely (in the order of foundation), St. Andrews (1411), Glasgow (145o), Aberdeen (1494) and Edinburgh (1583), in which are the customary faculties of arts, divinity, law, medi cine and science. In 1901 Andrew Carnegie gave £2,000,000 to the universities. The administration of the fund was handed over to a body of trustees, who devote the annual income partly to the payment of students' fees and partly to buildings, apparatus, professorships and research. State financial assistance to the universities has been very largely increased since the Education Act of 1918, and a number of new chairs have been founded by private benefactions, and from further grants by the Carnegie trustees.

The court of each university is the supreme authority in re gard to finance, discipline, and the regulation of the duties of professors and lecturers. The universities are empowered to affiliate other academical institutions, and women students are admitted on an equal footing with men. Under the Act of 1899 the University College of Dundee was incorporated with St. Andrews University, and Queen Margaret College became a part of the University of Glasgow, the buildings and endowments, used for women students exclusively, being handed over to the Uni versity Court. St. Mungo's College, Glasgow, incorporated in 1889 under a Board of Trade licence, has a medical faculty, and Anderson's College Medical School, Glasgow, was instituted in 1887. These are on the same basis as the extra-mural medical schools in Edinburgh, their medical curricula qualifying for licence only and not for Scottish university degrees. The United Free Church maintains colleges at Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow, and there are Roman Catholic colleges at Blairs near Aberdeen and at Glasgow, besides a monastery and college at Fort Augustus, and Episcopal, Baptist and Congregational colleges. The Epis copal Church and the Roman Catholic Church have training col leges for teachers.

Agriculture.

Though Scotland still contains many great es tates, this circumstance possesses less significance from the agri cultural than from the historical standpoint. The excessive size of the properties may to some extent be accounted for by the fact that most of the surface is so mountainous and unproductive as to be unsuitable for division into smaller estates, but two other causes have also operated, namely, first, the wide territorial authority of such Lowland families as the Scotts and Douglases, and such Highland clans as the Campbells of Argyll and Breadalbane, and the Murrays of Athol and the duke of Sutherland; and secondly, the stricter law of entail introduced in 1685. Thus many of the

largest estates remain in the hands of the old hereditary families, but since the World War a large number have been sold. The proportion of persons farming their own land has become much greater and is still increasing. The almost absolute power for merly wielded by the landlords, who within their own territories were lords of regality, hindered independent agricultural enter prise, and it was not till after the abolition of hereditable juris dictions in 1748 that agriculture made real progress. The Society of Improvers in the Knowledge of Agriculture, founded in 1723, ceased to exist after the rebellion of 1745, and the introduction of new and improved methods, where not the result of private energy and sagacity, was chiefly due to the Highland and Agri cultural Society, established in 1784. Further stimulus was also supplied by the high prices that obtained during the Napoleonic wars. The system of 19 years' leases had proved distinctly superior to the system of yearly tenancy so general in England, although prejudicially affected by customs and conditions which, for a considerable time, seriously strained the relations between landlord and tenant. But the abolition of the law of hypothec in 1879—under which the landlord had a lien for rent upon the produce of the land, the cattle and sheep fed on it, and the live stock and implements used in husbandry—the Ground Game Act of 1880, the several Agricultural Holdings Acts, and the construction of light railways improved matters and established a better understanding. The period of general depression which set in before 1885 was surmounted in Scotland with comparatively little trouble. A large amount of capital was lost by tenants, and a few farms were thrown here and there upon the landlords' hands, but in no district was rent extinguished or were holdings abandoned. The sub-commissioners who reported to the Royal Commission on Agriculture in 1895 found nearly everywhere a demand, sometimes competition for farms, persisting throughout the crisis. Afterwards, owing to the increased attention givm to stock-fattening and dairying, and to a rise in prices, farming reached a condition of equilibrium, and the most noticeable residuum of the period of depression was the large intrusion of the butcher and grazier class into the farmer class proper.